Chapter 12 & 13 Flashcards
(96 cards)
0
Q
blank is not in the z line because blank anchors it to the z line
A
myosin, titin
1
Q
contractile functional proteins
A
actin and myosin
2
Q
blank cover active site on blank to prevent blank heads from binding
A
troponin/tropomyosin, actin, myosin
3
Q
force created by muscle
A
muscle tension
4
Q
creation of tension
A
contraction
5
Q
release of tension
A
relaxation
6
Q
weight opposing contraction
A
load
7
Q
blank is physically linked to blank
A
DHP, RyR
8
Q
state when the myosin head is bound to the actin with no ADP or ATP to be found
A
rigor state
9
Q
rigor state is the most blank state
A
stable
10
Q
blank is needed to get the myosin out of the rigor state in the blank phase
A
ATP, relaxation
11
Q
on muscle contraction there is not really much of a blank
A
hyperpolarization
12
Q
longest electrical event in contraction
A
muscle twitch
13
Q
three electrical events in contraction
A
neuron AP, muscle AP, muscle twitch
14
Q
speed tension in muscle fiber is determined by
A
speed of myosin binding ATP and letting it go
15
Q
max tension in muscle fiber is determined by
A
number of myosin crossbridges formed
16
Q
twitch duration of muscle fiber is determined by
A
more calcium pumps and faster they work the shorter the twitch duration
17
Q
blank creatine kinase is different than blank creatine kinase
A
cardiac, skeletal
18
Q
two types of fatigue
A
central, peripheral
19
Q
fatigue when the muscle can no longer respond to signal
A
peripheral
20
Q
fatigue when signal cannot be sent to muscle
A
central
21
Q
central fatigue is a blank function
A
protective
22
Q
extended submaximal exercise results in blank which causes fatigue
A
decreased glycogen stores
23
Q
short duration maximal exertion does what in cytosol to cause fatigue
A
increases inorganic phosphate
24
increasing phosphate is negative so it binds blank and blanks levels of calcium
calcium, decreases
25
Two structural proteins in muscles
Titin and nebulin
26
Structural protein that anchors myosin to z line and provides elasticity
Titin
27
Structural protein that provides structure for actin
Nebulin
28
Regulatory proteins in muscles
Troponin and tropomyosin
29
Troponin and tropomyosin bind blank and blank active sites
Ca ions, cover
30
extended maximal exercise fatigue is caused by
increased K+ in ECF of t tubules and increase of H+ in ICF
31
muscle fibers powered by glycolysis
glycolytic
32
muscle fibers powered by oxidative phosphorylation
oxidative
33
three types of skeletal muscle fibers
slow twitch oxidative red, fast twitch oxidative glycolytic red, fast twitch glycolytic white
34
fastest muscle fiber
fast twitch glycolytic white because only uses glycolysis
35
skeletal muscle fiber requiring most blood supply
slow twitch oxidative red
36
this stores oxygen in muscles kind of like hemoglobin
myoglobin
37
muscles that are really only used for posture
slow twitch oxidative red
38
muscle fibers that are developed as endurance runner
fast twitch oxidative glycolytic red
39
occurs if the muscle is told to contract twice before it can relax after the first one
summation
40
blank tetanus is when there is still a small relaxation period but it is at max tension
unfused
41
blank tetanus is when there is no relaxation during max tension of muscle
fused
42
two ways to increase tension
mechanical summation, recruitment
43
stimulate same motor units at higher frequency way to increase tension
mechanical summation
44
increase stimulation to exceed threshold in more motor units way to increase tension
recruitment
45
biggest motor units cannot be blank
consciously recruited
46
muscle disorder called overuse is blank
tearing connective tissue or muscle fibers
47
repairing from overuse is done by blank
hypertrophy
48
disuse and atrophy of muscles leads to decreased blank , blank, and blank
enzymes, blood supply, contractile proteins
49
inherited muscle disorder that causes myophosphorylase deficiency which leads to no glycogenolysis
mcardle's disease
50
mcardle's disease affects which muscle fiber
glycolytic white
51
this is inherited muscle disorder where one is lacking dystrophin
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
52
anchors actin to cell membrane
dystrophin
53
most common type of smooth muscle and acts as one due to blank
single unit, gap junctions
54
ICF full of calcium ions causes contractile force in blank smooth muscle
single unit
55
contractile force in this type of smooth muscle is caused by recruitment
multi unit
56
uterus has blank smooth muscle for birth and blank smooth muscle for menstruation
single unit, multi unit
57
contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is blank than striated and maintains force for blank periods
slower, longer
58
smooth muscle is not controlled by blank, it is blank
troponin-tropomyosin, enzyme regulation
59
there are no blank in smooth muscles
sarcomeres
60
smooth muscle has less blank than skeletal muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
61
cyclical exceed of threshold and is always on but changes rates like tonic control
pacemaker
62
chemical signals can also cause blank rather than blank stimulus
contraction, electrical
63
changing enzyme activity without ion movement can be done via blank rather than blank in smooth muscle causing more blank without changing blank
transduction, signaling, muscle tension, membrane potential
64
with higher levels of blank, more myosin crossbridges will be formed to increase blank
MLCK, muscle tension
65
increasing blank will cause more myosin crossbridges to be blank in smooth muscle
myosin phosphatase, broken
66
beta blank receptors are involved in blank control
autonomic
67
three ways to regulate smooth muscles
modification of Ca ions in ICF, ANS, hormones
68
cardiac muscle is unique because it shares some aspects of blank and blank
smooth, skeletal
69
cardiac muscle is blank and has blank structure like skeletal muscle
striated, sarcomere
70
cardiac muscle is regulated by blank like skeletal muscle
troponin-tropomyosin
71
cardiac muscle fibers are unlike skeletal because muscle fibers are blank with blank nucleus and does not have blank physically linked to blank
shorter, one, DHP, RYR
72
cardiac muscle is like smooth because it has blank synapses and exhibit blank potentials
electrical, pacemaker
73
cardiac muscle is like smooth muscle because it is under blank and blank control
hormonal, autonomic
74
three types of proprioceptors
golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint receptors
75
golgi tendon organs regulate blank
isometric tension
76
muscle spindles regulate blank
stretch
77
joint receptors regulate blank
positiion
78
skeletal muscle reflexes synapse onto first order blank neuron usually into blank tracts
sensory, spinocerebellar
79
CNS integrates blank signal in a skeletal muscle reflex
input
80
blank motor neurons carry output signal in a skeletal muscle reflex
somatic alpha
81
alpha motor neuron carries skeletal muscle reflex to blank fibers
skeletal muscle
82
these skeletal muscle fibers go from origin to the insertion
extrafusal fibers (alpha motor neurons)
83
muscle spindles that span from origin or insertion to the middle muscle spindles, not from origin to insertion
intrafusal fibers
84
the ends are blank in intrafusal fibers but the central region is blank
contractile, not (sensory)
85
these motor neurons innervate intrafusal fibers
gamma
86
gamma motor units increase blank in spindle
tension
87
gamma motor neurons are blank sensitive to stretch
more
88
when extrafusals contract, intrafusals increase blank to stay sensitive to stretch
tension
89
if gamma is not used then the amount of blank input goes blank
sensory, down
90
sensory and somatic neurons are usually linked by blank
interneurons
91
sensory and somatic neurons can cause blank or blank
inhibition, excitation
92
all pathways controlling a single joint =
myotatic unit
93
this prevents antagonistic muscles from opposing action
reciprocal inhibition
94
spinal cord integrates spinal reflexes and contains blank for rhythmic movements
central pattern generators
95
rhythmic movements are initiated and terminated by blank
cerebral cortex
