Chapter 6 - Communication & Homeostasis

Question 0

direct contact communication where chemical and/or electrical signals and diffuse through cytoplasm

Answer 0

gap junctions

Question 1

two direct contact forms of communication between cells

Answer 1

gap junctions, contact-dependent signals

Question 2

direct cell contact communication require interaction between membrane molecules and transfers signals in both directions

Answer 2

contact-dependent

Question 3

cell communication that is a local signal and the ligand is released into the ECF… two methods

Answer 3

autocrine signals, paracrine signals

Question 4

local cell communcation signal that acts on the same cell that secreted them

Answer 4

autocrine signals

Question 5

local cell communication signal that diffuse to act on adjacent cells

Answer 5

paracrine signals

Question 6

neurotransmitters are secreted by blank that diffuse across a blank to the blank cell

Answer 6

neurons, synapse, target

Question 7

diffusion distance of neurotransmitters is blank but the neuron is blank

Answer 7

short, long

Question 8

hormones are secreted by blank glands or cells directly into the blank system

Answer 8

endocrine, circulatory

Question 9

target cells only respond if they have blank for blank

Answer 9

receptors, ligand

Question 10

neurohormones are released by blank directly into the blank…. called blank

Answer 10

neurons, blood, neuroendocrine

Question 11

neurohormones are blank so they travel blank in blood

Answer 11

polar, fast

Question 12

these may act as both local and systemic signals

Answer 12

cytokines

Question 13

all nucleated cells secrete blank following stimuli

Answer 13

cytokines

Question 14

cytokines in development & differentiation is blank

Answer 14

autocrine/paracrine

Question 15

cytokines in stress and inflammation is blank

Answer 15

paracrine/endocrine

Question 16

if ligand has blank then it cannot cross blank on its own so receptors must be on the blank

Answer 16

charge, membrane, outside

Question 17

if ligand is non polar then it can go through the cell blank so the receptor location can be anywhere on the blank of the cell

Answer 17

membrane, inside

Question 18

four types of membrane receptors

Answer 18

receptor channel (chemically gated ion channels), receptor-enzyme, G protein coupled receptor, integrin receptor

Question 19

all membrane receptors begin with a binding to blank

Answer 19

ligand

Question 20

integrin receptor binds to ligand then changes what

Answer 20

shape of the entire cell

Question 21

receptor enzyme binds to ligand which triggers release of blank

Answer 21

enzyme

Question 22

G protein coupled receptor binds to ligand which sends another signal to blank

Answer 22

something else to perform an action

Question 23

receptor channel membrane receptors are the blank

Answer 23

fastest

Question 24

G protein receptors are the blank

Answer 24

slowest

Question 25

all membrane receptors require blank to change ICF environment

Answer 25

signal transduction

Question 26

this occurs in signal transduction where small amounts of ligand have blank cellular effects

Answer 26

big, amplification

Question 27

signal transduction has a blank response to a single ligand, this is called blank

Answer 27

coordinated, diversification

Question 28

overlapping transduction pathways for multiple controls for each response

Answer 28

redundancy

Question 29

G proteins bind to these two nucleotides

Answer 29

GDP, GTP

Question 30

GDP is blank

Answer 30

inactivated

Question 31

GTP is blank

Answer 31

activated

Question 32

amplifier enzymes convert one thing into something that creates...

Answer 32

another active substance that actually performs a function

Question 33

for example... viagra does not cause someone to have erection but once you get one then it takes longer to blank

Answer 33

go away

Question 34

lipid derived paracrine signals produced by the arachidonic acid cascade

Answer 34

eicosanoids

Question 35

eicosanoids are produced by the blank acid cascade

Answer 35

arachidonic

Question 36

these are leukocytes that cause bronchoconstriction

Answer 36

leukotrienes

Question 37

inflammation in tissues caused by

Answer 37

prostaglandins

Question 38

the natural ligand activates a receptor and a direct blank also activates the same receptor

Answer 38

agonist

Question 39

a direct blank blocks receptor activity

Answer 39

antagonist

Question 40

direct agonists and antagonists bind blank to the receptor

Answer 40

directly

Question 41

in signal pathways, there are these two things because receptors can bind to multiple ligands

Answer 41

specificity/competition

Question 42

alpha adrenergic receptors cause blank

Answer 42

vasoconstriction

Question 43

beta adrenergic receptors cause blank

Answer 43

vasodilation

Question 44

both types of adrenergic receptors only bind epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 44

specificity

Question 45

epinephrine and norepinephrine compete for same active site

Answer 45

competition

Question 46

alpha receptors have a higher affinity for blank

Answer 46

norepinephrine

Question 47

beta receptors have a higher affinity for blank

Answer 47

epinephrine

Question 48

blank is a more potent vasoconstriction

Answer 48

norepinephrine

Question 49

protein activity at maximum rate and is true for enzymes and receptors

Answer 49

saturation

Question 50

increase in number of receptors

Answer 50

up-regulation

Question 51

up regulation using isoforms can change blank but binding will still be more than normal

Answer 51

speed

Question 52

decrease in number of receptors and decrease in binding affinity

Answer 52

down regulation

Question 53

regulated variable = blank

Answer 53

parameter

Question 54

what detects temp in our bodies

Answer 54

hypothalamus

Question 55

this is always on but like a dimmer switch

Answer 55

tonic control

Question 56

paracrine and autocrine signals are blank control pathway

Answer 56

local

Question 57

synaptic, endocrine, and neuroendocrine control pathway

Answer 57

reflex

Question 58

why is it good to have complex control pathways?

Answer 58

more steps are like more shock absorbers so the hormone at the end will not vary too much

Question 59

The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers

Answer 59

gene transcription

Question 60

forcing an animal to adapt to a certain change in their environment

Answer 60

acclimation

Question 61

two hormones controlling circadian rhythms

Answer 61

melatonin, cortisol

Question 62

slows down metabolic rate

Answer 62

melatonin

Question 63

hormone that prepares body for the day

Answer 63

cortisol

Question 64

anticipatory response is called

Answer 64

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