Chapter 12

Question 1

what is spatial orientation made up of?

Answer 1

linear motion, angular motion, tilt

Question 2

what is linear motion?

Answer 2

translation (changes in x, y, z axis)

Question 3

what is angular motion?

Answer 3

rotation

Question 4

what axis is pitch?

Answer 4

y-axis

Question 5

what axis is roll?

Answer 5

x-axis

Question 6

what axis is yaw?

Answer 6

z-axis

Question 7

what is tilt?

Answer 7

individuals orientation based on gravity (forward/backward)

Question 8

what is vertigo?

Answer 8

the sensation of rotation/spinning

Question 9

what does the vestibulo-ocular reflex do?

Answer 9

helps stabilize vision by counter-rotating the eyes when the vestibular system senses head movement

Question 10

what is active sensing?

Answer 10

self-generated probing of the environment

Question 11

what is graviception?

Answer 11

sense of the relative orientation of gravity based on the organism

Question 12

why is graviception important?

Answer 12

words describe actions that define human movement (standup, sitdown, etc.)

Question 13

what does the vestibular system do?

Answer 13

helps with balance, kinethesia, and visual clarity

Question 14

how does the vestibular system help with visual clarity?

Answer 14

stabilizes the eyes during movement

Question 15

what do semicircular canals sense?

Answer 15

angular acceleration/velocity

Question 16

what do orolith organs sense?

Answer 16

linear acceleration/velocity and gravity

Question 17

what position is the x-axis relative to an individual?

Answer 17

facing forward, through the nose

Question 18

what position is the y-axis relative to an individual?

Answer 18

out the left ear

Question 19

what position is the z-axis relative to an individual?

Answer 19

out the top of the head

Question 20

how do hair cells operate as mechanical transducers?

Answer 20

responds to head movement through stereocilia deflection which changes the hair cell voltage and neurotransmitter release, which causes action potentials in the brain

Question 21

what are ampulla?

Answer 21

swellings from semicircular canals that contain crista which senses angular motion

Question 22

how does the direction and amplitude change during head rotation?

Answer 22

increases in one direction and decrease in the other, signaling the amplitude of direction

Question 23

where are utricle and saccule located?

Answer 23

orolith organs

Question 24

what do utricle and saccule sense?

Answer 24

gravity and linear acceleration

Question 25

how does velocity storage affect rotation perception?

Answer 25

prolongs the rotational response after the signal is gone

Question 26

how has translation perception been studied?

Answer 26

passively translating participants short distances while in a chair in the dark, then having them use a joystick to move the distance they believe they moved

Question 27

what was found when studying translation perception?

Answer 27

participants were accurate in their movement and even correctly guessed the velocity without being asked

Question 28

how has tilt perception been studied?

Answer 28

verbally asking participants to tilt a handheld probe a certain degree

Question 29

what was found when studying tilt perception?

Answer 29

participants were accurate for angles less than 90 degrees

Question 30

what is vection?

Answer 30

an illusory sense of self-motion caused by moving visual cues when one is not actually moving

Question 31

what are examples of vection?

Answer 31

watching an imax movie, the car next to you moving, looking at water flow beneath you

Question 32

why is it important for the vestibular system to distinguish between self-generated and externally-generated movements?

Answer 32

it's essential for perceptual stability and accurate motor control

Question 33

what is the purpose of efference copies?

Answer 33

helps the brain predict the expected sensory results of motor commands

Question 34

how does the vestibular system contribute to autonomic functions?

Answer 34

regulates blood flow by informing the nervous system about the position and motion of the world

Question 35

what is motion sickness?

Answer 35

a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals

Question 36

where are multisensory visual and auditory cortexs found?

Answer 36

in several areas of the brain

Question 37

how is vestibular information represented in cortex?

Answer 37

through multisensory visual and auditory cortexes that include sensory and motor signals

Question 38

how can higher cognitive knowledge affect vestibular sensations?

Answer 38

by influencing how we perceive motion

Question 39

what does vestibular dysfunction cause?

Answer 39

spatial disorientation, imbalance, motion sickness, cognitive problems, visual unclarity unless the head is held still

Question 40

what is mal de debarquement syndrome?

Answer 40

boat disembarking sickness caused by unability to readapt

Question 41

what does mal de debarquement syndrome cause?

Answer 41

spatial disorientation, imbalance, rocking for at least 1 month

Question 42

what is menieres syndrome?

Answer 42

sudden dizziness, imbalance, spatial disorentation

Question 43

what are additional symptoms of menieres syndrome?

Answer 43

tinnitus, hearing loss, ear pain, incapacitation