Chapter 12 Flashcards
(19 cards)
dominance hierarchies
determine the allocation of resources
production hierarchies
involve coordination and division of labor for the purpose of achieving a group goal
Dominance
involves force or the threat of force.
Prestige
Individuals may attain high prestige because they have special skills, knowledge, or social connections.
competence
The forms of competence include fghting ability, skill at making and handling weapons, ability to recruit allies, leadership skills, ability to infict costs on others, and so on
service-for-prestige theory of leader–follower relations
Leaders, according to this theory, provide key services to followers in the form of organizational skills, intelligence, wisdom, and knowledge in relevant domains. These leader-provided services beneft the followers. They produce better outcomes for followers, such as more success at hunting, better defense of the group against attack, more effective warfare on rival groups, or simply superior habitat selection for the group. In return for these services, followers provide leaders with social prestige. Social prestige, in turn, benefits leaders by gaining them better access to resources, including desirable mates.
Deception/Manipulation
Derogate others; boast; exclude others; ingratiate self with superiors; use sex; use deceptive self-promotion (e.g., claim credit for the work of others).
Social Display/Networking
Cultivate friendships; display positive social characteristics; participate in social events; enhance appearance.
Industriousness/Knowledge
Display knowledge; work hard; obtain education or knowledge; organize and strategize; assume leadership; hold one’s own.
Elevated status and dominance can give males greater sexual access along two paths:
(1) high-status men are preferred as mates by women.
(2) through intrasexual domination
Is there evidence that elevated status in men actually leads to more sexual opportunities with women?
Kings, emperors, and despots throughout recorded history have routinely collected women in harems, choosing the young, the fertile, and the attractive
Is there any direct evidence that men are higher than women in dominance or status striving?
In one six-culture study, Whiting and Edwards (1988) discovered that boys were more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play, assaults and other aggressive actions, displays of “egoistic” dominance, and acts of seeking attention. Boys in all six cultures were more likely than girls to issue dominance challenges to same-age peers. Girls, in contrast, tended to display nurturance and pleasing sociability more than boys.
Dominance theory
Selection will favor strategies that cause one to rise in dominance but also will favor the evolution of subordinate strategies to subvert the access of the dominant individual to key resources.
resource-holding potential
refers to an evaluation that animals make about themselves relative to other animals regarding their relative strengths and weaknesses. Losers of contests and those who determine before contests that they are inferior have low RHP. Winners of contests and those who
determine that they are likely to win contests are superior in RHP.
social attention-holding potential (SAHP)
AHP refers to the quality and quantity of attention others pay to a particular person. According to this view, humans compete with each other to be attended to and valued by others in the group. When group members bestow a lot of high-quality attention on an individual, that individual rises in status. Ignored individuals experience low status. Differences in rank, according to this theory, stem not from differences in threat or coercion but from differences in attention conferred by others.
Plummeting in status has a different set of consequences for mood and emotion, according to SAHP theory:
the onset of social anxiety, shame, rage, envy, and depression.
Verbal and Nonverbal Indicators of Dominance
dominant individuals tend to stand at full height, ofen facing the group, with hands on hips and an expanded chest; they gaze a lot, looking at others while talking; they do not smile much; they touch others; they speak in a loud and low-pitched voice; and they gesture
by pointing to others.
The hormone ___________ and the neurotransmitter ___________ have both been linked with dominance, although the direction of causality is uncertain in both cases.
Testosterone; Serotonin
The esteem in which we hold ourselves could function in at least three ways:
(1) to motivate us to curry favor or repair social relations when respect from others wanes
(2) to guide us to making appropriate decisions about whom to challenge and to whom to submit
(3) to track our desirability in the mating market.
