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Chapter 12: Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

an enduring set of internally based characteristics that produce uniqueness and consistency in the expression of a person’s thoughts and behaviors, along with an explanation to account for these characteristics.

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2
Q

3 elements of personality

A

uniqueness, consistency and explanation

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3
Q

Uniqueness

A

personality traits are specific to each other

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4
Q

Consistency

A

how an individual behaves our time in similar situations

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5
Q

Explanation

A

interconnected through past experiences to other individuals across generations and locations around the world.

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6
Q

Personal unconscious

A

Knowledge acquired, experiences that we can easily retrieve ito consciousness
However, there are parts of the unconscious mind we can not consciously retrieve
EX: REPRESSED MEMORIES/CHILDHOOD CONFLICTS

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7
Q

Psychodynamic perspective(The freudian notion)

A

personality is a function of internal processes and conflicts that individuals have little or no conscious awareness or personal control

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8
Q

conscious mind

A
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9
Q

Collective unconscious (Jung proposed)

A

memories, images, belief that are not part of our personal experiences because we inherit them
Shared: Not unique to us, we share them with others
EX; some are afraid of heights, snakes, etc

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10
Q

archetype

A

universal thought patterns and behavior rituals triggered by specific situations, symbols, and images representing certain people, ideas, or beliefs.

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11
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

underlying assumption of the psychodynamic perspective is that the expression of personality is motivated by internal processes and conflicts that individuals have little or no conscious awareness of and, consequently, have limited personal control over

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12
Q

3 Parts of the Mind

A

conscious, preconscious and unconscious

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13
Q

Methods used to access unconscious mind

A

free association, manifest content, latent content

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14
Q

Free association

A

a method of pschyoanalysis where the participant is encouraged to share their thoughts, beliefs, anything that comes to mind to get an insight into the unconscious mind

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15
Q

Manifest content

A

In the dream analysis, the dream remembered by the dreamer - without any interpretation

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16
Q

Latent content

A

the content of dreams that is expression of the unconscious mind and he reflections of their desires, needs and true feelings

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17
Q

residents of the mind and components of personality

A

id, ego & superego

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18
Q

Id

A

core component of personality located in the unconscious mind driven by sexual and aggressive impulses

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19
Q

Pleasure principle

A

driving force of Id, where the focus is on the fulfilment of sexual urges and aggressive impulses (Id would out any direct contact from the world would operate on just this proposed freud)

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20
Q

Ego

A

components of personality that mediates between the Id and superego and ultimately decides the course of action; meets the principles of the Id within the constraints of the real world

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21
Q

Reality Principle

A

ego operates on this; impulses from the Id and ego are rejected in their natural form and expressed in sociably appropriate ways i

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22
Q

Superego

A

encompasses our moral compass of what is right or wrong; learn from parents teachers, religious leaders, etc

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23
Q

role of anxiety

A

serves as a warning sign possible danger to the ego

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24
Q

reality anxiety

A

serves as a warning sign for real danger

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25
moral anxiety
serves to notify the superego that the ego is violating one's moral code
26
neurotic anxiety
warns the ego of threaten expressions of Id impulses at level of conscious impulses
27
defense mechanism
ways to avert the expressions of Id without conscious awareness
28
repression (principle defence mechanism)
characterized by the individual’s ego simply removing (e.g., ignoring, trying to forget) the threatening impulse from conscious awareness.
29
reaction formation
unacceptable thoughts and desires in the unconscious being expressed as their opposite in consciousness
30
projection
attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, impulses, and motives to others
31
regression (Defence mechanisms)
reacting to a threatening situation wth a response characteristic of an earlier stage of development
32
Five psychosexual stages
reflects the conflict between the expression of the id’s desire to seek immediate pleasure and society’s demands to restrict it
33
five psychosexual stages
oral,
34
Erogenous zone
Area of the body associated with pleasure.
35
Oral stage (birth to 2 years)
Mouth
; Conflict associated with weaning from breast- or bottle feeding
36
Oral stage healthy outcome and life lessening learned
learning that although distress is created when needs may not be met immediately, eventually they will be met in a consistent matter, resulting in a sense of pleasure
37
oral stage unhealthy outcome and expressions of fixation and regression
overindulgence in oral related activities when stressed. employing oral related strategies such as overeating and excessive drinking and yelling at others to deal with problems and frustrations in adulthood
38
Anal stage (2 to 3 years)
anus; conflict associated with toilet training
39
Anal stage healthy outcome and life lessening learned
learning that the achievement of pleasure associated with the release of such bodily tension is restricted to specific locations (bathroom, public restrooms). when seeking pleasure there is a right time and place
40
Anal stage; unhealthy outcome and expressions of fixation and regression
difficulty interacting with others in a civil society due to a tendency to behave inappropriately. employing all related strategies such s making mess of things at work, saying or doing something inappropriate in public or being overly concerned with order and neatness, to deal with the problems and frustrations as an adult
41
Phallic stage (3-6 years): oedipal complex for boys & Electra complex for girls
Genitals; conflict associated with competition on the same sex parent for the affection of the opposite sex parent
42
phallic healthy outcome and life lessening learned
identifying with the same sex parent helps children to acquire an udnerstanding of appropriate sex role behavouial patterns and to develop a superego by incorporating the values of society as expressed by their parents, go along with those more powerful than you
43
Phallic unhealthy outcome and expressions of fixation and regression
problems dealing with individuals and agencies in a position of power. expressing oppositional and hostile behavioural patterns when dealing with supervisors at work, law enforcements personnel and government officials to deal with feelings of powerless as an adult
44
latency period (7-11)
None; conflict associated with practicing emerging sex role behaviours during interactions with same sex peers
45
none healthy outcome and life lessening learned
acquiring and practicing the knowledge and skills necessary to execute complex sex role behaviours effectively is easier with others who are similar. it is good to know you are not alone during difficult times of transition
46
None unhealthy outcome and expressions of fixation and regression
exhibiting extreme sex role stereotypical behviour and attitudes and or developing an excessive amount of comfort being around others who think and act in similar ways while failing to consider the value of those who are different.making sexist and racist comments about others while interacting with those who feel and behave in the same wa to deal with the fear of being rejected during adulthood
47
genital stage (11 years to adulthood)
genitals; conflict associate with the expression of emotional feelings and establishing meaningful relationships with members of the opposite sex
48
genitals healthy outcome and life lessening learned
offering expressions of affection (ie, frequent texting, providing emotional support) with the hope of receiving such expressions in turn as the basis of a healthy and loving adult romantic and sexual relationships. to pleasure, you must give pleasure
49
genitals unhealthy outcome and expressions of fixation and regression
being unable to form loving and intimate relationships in adulthood due to an inability to provide comfort and support to others and thinking only of one's personal needs and desires. experiencing a sense of loneliness and isolation due to a series of failed intimate relations that stems from selfishness
50
Striving for superiority (Alder)
Adler proposed that at a conscious level, individuals are motivated by efforts to achieve excellence and improvements over our past selves and to act in ways to benefit social interest.
51
Social security (Karen Horney)
A concept by Karen Horney that describes a sense of feeling safe and loved in our relationships with others.
52
Basic anxiety
According to Horney, those who don't feel love, who feel unsafe and powerless in their relationships, develop feelings of anxiety.
53
Basic hostility
According to Horney, people feel anger and hostility when in insecure relationships, particularly when one's significant other makes no effort to forge a secure environment.
54
3 strategies to reduce basic anxiety & establish a sense of safety
Moving towards people, moving away, moving against
55
Moving toward people
involves speaking and behaving in ways with the goal of attracting others to care about you and try to find someone who will take care of you.
56
Moving away from people
to emotionally withdraw and use behavior avoidance to protect oneself from getting hurt.
57
Moving against people
emotionally harming others (with words and behaviors) to prevent others from hurting you.
58
Preconscious mind
A level of consciousness that is not in the forefront of one's thoughts; however, information can be retrieved and brought to conscious awareness.
59
sublimation (Defence mechanism)
transforming inappropriate impulses and motives into socially acceptable and even valuable expressions
60
Denial (Defence mechanisms)
consciously refusing to perceive and believe painful facts or situations exist
61
rationalization
creating an acceptable explanation to replace a true but threating cause of behaviour
62
displacement
shifting the expression of unwanted impulse from a threading person to a less threathening one
63
Humanistic Perspectives
expression of personality is motivated by the internal desire for self development and self enhancement which operates at the conscious level; focused on individual's perspective and addresses the uniqueness of each person
64
Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers purported that the core element of an individual’s personality is the self-concept, which refers to how someone perceives their unique set of characteristics, skills, qualities, and abilities. Self-esteem is how positively or negatively a person evaluates him- or herself based on life experiences
65
Actual self
who you are
66
Ideal self
who you want be
67
conditional positive regard (this stifle's personal growth)
love and acceptance are contingent on actions and behaviours
68
Unconditional positive regard (helps others reach self-fulfillment)
displaying an attitude of acceptance and respect, regardless of what an individual says or does
69
Albert Bandura
stated that the core element of personality is the self-system
70
self system
the self-system is a set of cognitions that people use to observe, evaluate, and regulate their behavior in different situations. helps guide choices by cognitively processing the complexity of different situations, including the various potential consequences of different behaviors.
71
self-efficacy
belief about one's ability to successfully perform in a given situation
72
Julian Rotter
core element of personality is based on one's locus of control
73
locus of control
a person’s belief in the extent to which they control what happens to them.
74
internal locus
people with an internal locus of control believe that they control what happens in their current life as well as their future.
75
external locus
Individuals with an external locus of control have the general expectation that they lack control over the events in their lives
76
external locus of control contributes to feelings of learned helplessness
sense of hopelessness in which individuals believe their ability to prevent unpleasant events in life is outside of their control
77
Walter Mischel
an important personality process associated with the expression of personality is the ability to delay gratification and the consequences it creates
78
delay of gratification
the willingness to forgo a smaller but immediate reward for a larger reward in the future.
79
biological perspectives
personality assume that certain biological factors and processes serve to influence the underlying operation and expression of personality.
80
Marshmallow test
child (aged 3–5 years) is told that their adult caretaker has to leave the room but will return. Before leaving, the adult leaves a marshmallow on the table for the child. If the child could wait until the adult returned, they would get a reward: the opportunity to eat several marshmallows. If the child could not wait, they could eat just the one marshmallow. The length of time the children were willing to wait before eating was the measure of their ability to delay gratification.
81
behavioural genetics perspective
The behavioral genetics perspective examines the degree to which contributions from certain inherited biological factors (i.e., our genes) interact with environmental factors (e.g., our family environment or socioeconomic status)
82
examines the extent to which various physiological factors (e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters) and brain activity (e.g., arousal and inhibition) determine the expression of certain personality characteristics. When considering physiological influences, an increased level of the masculine hormone testosteroneis associated with such personality characteristics as dominance, aggression, persistence (Dabbs, 2000), sensation-seeking, and high-risk behaviors (Zuckerman, 2005). Lower levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with a greater willingness of individuals to engage in thrill-seeking activities (Zuckerman, 2005, 2011).
83
evolutionary. perspective
uses evolutionary theory to account for differences in personality (Buss, 2008) arguing that these differences are adaptive responses to the two fundamental challenges of evolution: survival and reproductive success.

Psychology (4 decks)

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