Chapter 4: Development

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

Growth & change over time, including changes that are progressive (learning to walk/talk) and regressive (declines in cognitive functioning with age)

Question 2

What are teratogens?

Answer 2

Environmental substances/agents that negatively impact the developing organism during gestation, particularly during the period embryo

Question 3

What is the period of the zygote?

Answer 3

the time from conception until approximately two weeks later, when the blastocyst implants into the uterine lining

Question 4

What is the primary characteristic of the period of zygote?

Answer 4

rapid cell division

Question 5

What is a Blastocyst?

Answer 5

as the ball of cells divide, it hollows out in the center

Question 6

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 6

the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining

Question 7

Why is an ectopic pregnancy bad?

Answer 7

the fallopian tubes do not have the ability to contract and expel the growing zygote so the pregnant women can die from a rupture

Question 8

What are monozygotic twins?

Answer 8

one egg is fertilized by he sperm and split into two separate cells with identical DNA

Question 9

What are dizygotic twins?

Answer 9

two eggs are fertilized with two different sperms; 50% genetically similar as if they were just regular siblings rather than twins

Question 10

What is the period of the embryo?

Answer 10

from the time the blastocyst implants in the uterine lining to approximately eight weeks after conception

Question 11

What is the primary characteristic of the period of the embryo?

Answer 11

major developmental advances (organs and systems experience great growth)

Question 12

What is cephalocaudal?

Answer 12

the principle that development occurs from the top to bottom, during prenatal development

Question 13

What is the proximodistal principles of development?

Answer 13

development proceeds form the internal organs to the extremities

Question 14

What is the period of the fetus?

Answer 14

from nine weeks after conception to birth

Question 15

What is assimilation?

Answer 15

the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures

Question 16

What is accommodation?

Answer 16

the creation of new cognitive features to house new information

Question 17

What is equilibration?

Answer 17

states in which a cognitive structures agree with external realities

Question 18

What is disequilibration?

Answer 18

states in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities

Question 19

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 19

senisormotor, the preoperational, concrete operational, and the formal operational period

Question 20

What is the senisormotor period and from what age?

Answer 20

0- 2 learns about the world through motor abilities

Question 21

What is the preoperational period and from what age?

Answer 21

2-7 Can mentally represent the past but experiences with animism and egocentrism; routinely fails at conservation tasks

Question 22

What is the concrete operational period and from what age?

Answer 22

(7-11 years) reasons well about concrete events and routinely passes conservation task; still experiences difficulty thinking and reasoning abstractly

Question 24

What is the formal operational and from what age?

Answer 24

(12 & up) Able to think and reason about hypothetical situations and or abstract problems

Question 25

Object permanence

Answer 25

understanding that objects and individuals exist even if hey cannot be seen; develops around 9 months

Question 26

What are the characteristics of preoperational period?

Answer 26

Animism, egocentrism, literal thinking

Question 27

What is animism?

Answer 27

preschoolers beliefs that stuffed toys and other intimate objects

Question 28

What is egocentrism?

Answer 28

difficulty of children in adopting the perspective of another

Question 29

What is symbolic thinking?

Answer 29

the ability to use symbols (language) to stand for other things (complex feelings, ideas)

Question 30

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 30

created the sociocultural theory that portray cognitive development as a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context I which he children grow up

Question 31

Scaffold

Answer 31

cognitive support offered by a teacher to a learner that helps the learner acquire new skills or knowledge. this support stops when the learner can perform on their own

Question 32

zone of proximal development

Answer 32

distance between what a child can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with assistance

Question 33

Attachment

Question 34

Strange Situation Paradigm (Mary Ainsworth)

Answer 34

21-minute observational assessment that places an infant, her mother, and a stranger in eight unique situations

Question 35

Securely attached

Answer 35

In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants and adults characterized by emotional closeness and a healthy level of independence and exploration.

Question 36

Insecure resistant

Answer 36

In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants characterized by being clingy after the parent returns; may be born out of inconsistent parental responsivenes

Question 37

Insecure avoidant

Answer 37

In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants characterized by avoidance of a primary caregiver upon reunion after separation; may be born of out parental disengagement with the infant.

Question 38

Disorganized attachment

Answer 38

In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants characterized by fear and dissociation in wanting to both approach and avoid an attachment figure; may be born out of parent abuse.

Question 39

Lawerence Kholberg

Answer 39

presented individuals with vignettes, or short stories, to better understand how humans react to moral dilemmas.

Question 40

Heinz dilemma

Answer 40

Kohlberg’s primary vignette

Question 41

Kohlberg’s model (3 stage of moral development)

Answer 41

Pre-conventional, conventional, post conventional

Question 42

Pre-conventional morality

Answer 42

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the first stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards.

Question 43

Conventional morality

Answer 43

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the second stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as "good" or "bad" by others.

Question 44

Post-conventional

Answer 44

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of on societal expectations or the judgment of others.

Question 45

Why do adolescents engage in more riskier activities relative to adults?

Answer 45

Because the prefrontal cortex is not fully mature during adolescence—and does not fully mature until after puberty (Luciana, 2003) and into early adulthood

Question 46

Adolescent egocentrism

Answer 46

Adolescents' perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions.

Question 47

What is adolescent egocentrism characterized by?

Answer 47

Imaginary audience (think everyone is focused on them), personal fable (adolescents think of themselves as unwise and invulnerable to risky situations

Question 48

Identity formation

Answer 48

Identity diffusion (unclear of who they are), foreclosed diffusion(adopt identity born into), psychosocial monatrium( identity adventure), identity achievement(explore dinettes and finally found one)

Question 49

Dementia

Answer 49

Deterioration of brain function affecting cognitive processes such as memory, language and judgment, and includes a range of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson's disease.

Question 50

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 50

A disease marked by the gradual onset of impairment in cognitive functions of memory, reasoning, and judgment.

Question 51

Sucking Paradigm

Answer 51

infants are given a sterilized pacifier to suck on for a certain period of time