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AP Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Mendel’s “hereditary factors” were genes which are?

A

segments of DNA located along chromosomes.

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2
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

-Mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes
-chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment

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3
Q

What evidence did Thomas Hunt Morgan find?

A

a specific gene is with a specific chromosome

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4
Q

Why is Drosophila Melanagaster a convenient organism for genetic studies? (4)

A

-produce many offspring
-new generation every 2 weeks
-have only 4 pairs of chromosomes
-traits are readily visible

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5
Q

Wild-type

A

common phenotype

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6
Q

Mutant phenotypes

A

uncommon phenotype

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7
Q

What was the first mutant phenotypes Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered?

A

fly with white eyes instead of red

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8
Q

When Morgan mated white eye males and red eyed females, the F2 generation?

A

had only males with white eyes

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9
Q

Morgan concluded that?

A

eye color was related to the sex of the fly

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10
Q

The white eyed mutant allele must be on the _____ chromosome

A

X

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11
Q

Morgan’s findings supported?

A

Chromosome theory of inheritance

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12
Q

Where are there regions that are homologous with corresponding regions on the X Chromosome?

A

Ends of the Y chromosome

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13
Q

Sex-linked gene

A

gene located on either sex chromosome

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14
Q

X-linked genes

A

genes on the X chromosome

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15
Q

Because of the complexity of the process of sex determination, ____.

A

many variations exist

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16
Q

Many _____ help determine sex

A

Y-linked genes

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17
Q

X chromosomes have genes for?

A

characters unrelated to sex

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18
Q

What needs to happen in order for a recessive X-linked trait to be expressed?

A

-female needs 2 copies of the allele (homosygous)
-male needs only one copy of the allele (hemizygous)

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19
Q

X-linked recessive disorders are more common in?

A

males

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20
Q

Disorders caused by recessive alleles on X chromosome:

A

-color blindness
-duchenne muscular dystorphy
-hemophilia

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21
Q

In females, the inactive x condenses into a?

A

barr body

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22
Q

If a female is __ for a particular gene located on the ___ chromosome, she will be?

A

heterozygous, X, a mosaic for that character

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23
Q

Each X chromosome has?

A

hundreds of thousands of genes

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24
Q

Linked genes

A

genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

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25
Morgans experiment showed how linkage affects?
inheritance of 2 characters
26
Morgan crossed flies that differed in?
body color and wing size
27
Morgan find that body color and wing size are usually?
inherited together in specific combinations
28
Genetic recombination
production of offsrping with combinations of traits differing from either parent.
29
Genetic findings of Mendel and Morgan relate to?
Chromosomal basis of recombination
30
Mendel observed that combinations of traits in some offspring?
differ from either parent
31
parental types
offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes
32
recombinant types
offspring with nonparental phenotypes
33
50% frequency of recombination is observed for any?
2 genes on different chromosomes
34
Morgan proposed that some process must occasionally break the?
physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
35
recombinant chromosomes bring alleles together in?
new combinations in gametes
36
The abundance of genetic variation is what ___ works upon?
natural selection
37
genetic map
ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
38
The farther apart 2 genes are?
the higher the crossover probability and recombinant frequency
39
linkage map
genetic map of a chromosome based on recombinant frequency.
40
genes that are far apart on the same chromosome have a recombination frequency near?
50%
41
Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome are physically connected but?
genetically unlinked
42
cytogenetic maps
indicate the positions of genes with respect to chromosomal features.
43
large-scale chromosomal alterations often lead to?
spontaneous abortions or developmental disorders
44
Nondisjuction
pair of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis or sister chromatids do not separate during meiosis 2.
45
A result of nondisjunction is that one gamete receives?
two of the same type of chromosome and another receives none
46
Aneuploidy
results from fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurs
47
monosomic zygote
has only one copy of a particular chromosome
48
trisomic zygote
has 3 copies of a particular chromosome
49
polyploidy
condition in which an organism has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes
50
Polyploid is common in?
plants
51
deletation
removes a chromosomal segment
52
duplication
repeats a segment
53
inversion
reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome
54
Translocation
moves a segment from one chromosome to another
55
A diploid embryo that is ___ for a large deletation is likely missing __ which is generally ___.
homozygous, a number of essential genes, lethal
56
Alterations of chromosome __ and ___ are associated with some serious disorders.
number, structure
57
Surviving individuals of alternation of chromosomes have?
a syndrome, characteristic of the type of aneuploidy
58
down syndrome
aneuploid conditions that results from 3 copies of chromosome 21
59
The frequency of down syndrome increases with?
age of the mother
60
Klinefelter syndrome is the result of?
an extra chromosome in the male, producing XXY
61
About ___ is born with an extra Y chromosome and ___.
1/1000 males, does not exhibit any defined syndrome
62
Females with ___ have ____ except ___.
Trisomy X (XXX) no unusual physical features, being taller than average
63
Monosomy X is also called
Turner syndrome
64
Monosomy X produces?
X0 females who are sterile
65
cri du chat
results from specific deletion in chromosomes
66
chronic myelogenous leukemia is caused by?
translocation of chromosomes

AP Biology (19 decks)

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