Chapter 12 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
heterotrophic organisms; chitin in cell wall
A
Fungi
2
Q
simple autotrophs (photosynthesizers)
A
Algae
3
Q
microscopic heterotrophs that are not fungi
A
Protozoa
4
Q
eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, animals
A
Protists
5
Q
worms, certain arthropods
that involved in human disease
A
Multicellular organisms:
6
Q
Informal groups of microscopic eukaryotes
A
- Fungi
- Algae
- Protozoa
- Protists
7
Q
These terms refers to morphological forms
A
- Yeasts
- Molds
- Mushrooms
8
Q
molds, yeasts, mushrooms
A
Fungi
9
Q
single-celled fungi
A
Yeasts
10
Q
filamentous fungi
A
Molds
11
Q
reproductive structures of certain fungi
A
Mushrooms
12
Q
is study of mushrooms
A
Mycology
13
Q
what kind of trophs are fungi
A
Heterotrophs
14
Q
along with bacteria they are principal decomposers
A
fungi
15
Q
decomposers release what into the soil
A
Releases CO2, nitrogen compounds into soils
16
Q
fungi use nutrients from dead or decaying matter
A
Saprophytic
17
Q
Fungi excrete enzymes to degrade
A
larger molecules into smaller
18
Q
Without this recycling what would happen
A
the earth would quickly be overrun with organic waste
19
Q
Cell wall contains
A
chitin
20
Q
Stronger than the cellulose-based cell wall of plants
A
chitin
21
Q
Cell walls also typically contain
A
glucan, a polymer of glucose
22
Q
Fungal membranes typically have
A
ergosterol
23
Q
Animal cell membrane have
A
cholesterol
24
Q
multicellular; composed of thread-
like filaments
A
hyphae
25
Visible mass of hyphae is a
mycelium
26
Tips of hyphae grow rapidly in direction of
food source
27
pores in the septum
openings
28
High surface-to-volume ratio aids
nutrient absorption
29
Most species have septate hyphae
septa
30
allow cytoplasm to flow from cell to cell
Pores in the septa
31
can grow as single yeast cells or multicellular mycelia depending on the environmental conditions
Dimorphic fungi
32
Fungi most successful in what environments
moist
33
Fungal habitats
terrestrial
34
Fungi can degrade many compounds like what
* Leather
* Cork
* Hair
* Wax
* Ink
* Jet fuel
* Carpet
* Drywall
* Synthetic plastic
35
fungi grow in concentrations of what
salts, sugars, acids, alkalis that
kill most bacteria (pH: 2.2 to 9.6; most thrive at pH ~5)
36
fungi prefers what pH
pH: 2.2 to 9.6; most thrive at pH ~5
37
fungi prefers what temp
20°C to 35°C but easily survive lower
temperatures; some grow below freezing
38
what kind of aerobe is fungi
Most obligate aerobes
39
what kind of aerobe is yeast
facultative anaerobes; produce ethanol
40
also called sac fungi
Ascomycetes
41
sexual reproduction of Ascomycetes produces
ascospores
42
haploid; held within ascus
ascospores
43
what does Ascomycetes grow as
yeasts or molds
44
identified by metabolic traits or appearance
yeasts
45
identified by asexual reproductive structures
Molds
46
Include ~75% of all known fungi
Ascomycetes
47
Include Penicillium (source of the antibiotic
penicillin)
Ascomycetes
48
includes Morels and truffles
Ascomycetes
49
club fungi
Basidiomycetes
50
sexual reproduction of Basidiomycetes produces
basidiospores
51
Also include the plant pathogens rusts and smuts which cause
significant losses in wheat, rye, and corn crops
Basidiomycetes
52
Sexual reproduction of Mucoromycetes produces
Zygospores
53
Relatively wide hyphae with few or no septa
Mucoromycetes
54
Includes the common black bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer
Mucoromycetes
55
how does Sexual reproduction work for fungi
Sexual reproduction results when hyphae from two different
mating types (referred to as +, –) grow toward one another and
fuse
56
cell with two haploid nuclei
dikaryon
57
what does Sexual reproduction in fungi yeild
dikaryon
58
reproductive cells produced sexually or asexually
Spores
59
Asexual spores of molds are called
➢ Conidia
➢ Sporangiospores
➢ Arthroconidia
60
Asexual spores of Ascomycetes
Conidia
61
Asexual spores of Mucoromycetes
Sporangiospores
62
Asexual spores of result from fragmentation of hyphae for Ascomycetes
Arthroconidia
63
are small, numerous and
easily carried by wind or water
are small, numerous and
easily carried by wind or water
64
Yeast cells may reproduce
asexually by
budding
65
what is budding
* Nucleus divides by mitosis
* One nucleus migrates into a smaller
daughter cell, or bud
* Daughter cell pinches
66
Nucleus divides by
mitosis
67
Fungus grows on/in body and cause fundal infection called
mycosis
68
infect skin, hair, or nails
Superficial fungi
69
which infects keratinized tissues
dermatophytes
70
skin infections caused by
dermatophytes
Athlete’s foot and jock itch
71
causes patches of skin discoloration called tinea versicolor
Malassezia furfur
72
infect deeper layers of the skin
Subcutaneous fungi
73
only cause disease under certain
conditions
Opportunistic fungi
74
affect the whole body instead of one area/organ
systemic disease
75
an cause systemic disease even in otherwise healthy people
Systemic fungi
76
examples of Systemic fungi
Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum
77
produced by Aspergillus species
aflatoxins
78
* Found in grains, peanuts
* Carcinogenic
* Levels in food are monitored by FDA
aflatoxins
79
* Toxin is hallucinogenic toxin
* People eating contaminating rye get affected
* Purified drug ergotamine decrease blood flow
Rye mold Claviceps purpurea (ergot) produces toxin
80
Amanita species produce toxins that cause
fatal liver damage
81
yeasts genetically engineered to produce important
molecules
human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine
82
used in production of wine, beer, bread
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer’s or baker’s yeast)
83
fungus + alga / cyanobacterium
Lichen
84
Fungus protects, absorbs water and nutrients; photosynthesizer gives organic nutrients
Lichen
85
Allows growth in ecosystems where neither could alone Ex:
sub-Arctic tundra, bare rock
Lichen
86
Good indicator of air quality: sensitive to air pollution: absorb
toxic chemicals but cannot excrete them
Lichen
87
Fungi that lives beneficial association with plant roots
Mycorrhizae
88
increases plant’s absorption of
water and minerals
High surface area of hyphae
89
Plant supplies fungi with
organic compounds
90
Fungi supply plant with
nitrogen
91
how many vascular plants have
mycorrhizae
80%
92
insects depend on fungi like what
leaf-cutting ants farm fungal gardens
93
Simple photosynthetic eukaryotes
protists
94
are diverse groups of protists
algaecc
95
locations of most algae
Most are aquatic; some in moist soil
96
what shape are algae
Colonies, chain, filaments
97
Algal Habitats
fresh and salt water; moist soil
98
algae are major producers of
o2
99
algae are major consumers of
CO2
100
float near surface;
Plankton
101
unicellular algae comprise
significant portion of the
phytoplankton
102
Microscopic heterotrophs in zooplankton graze upon
phytoplankton
103
The most abundant algal type in aquatic environments
Diatoms
104
are Diatoms single celled
yes
105
Distinguished by intricate, rigid, silica-containing external structures called
frustules
106
color of diatoms
Usually a golden brown color, due to pigment fucoxanthin
107
When diatoms die in the ocean where do they go
they sink to the bottom
108
Remains accumulate and deposits of fossilized remains are mined
for use as
diatomaceous earth
109
from upwelling of nutrients and warmer temperatures, fertilizer runoff, untreated sewage
Algal blooms
110
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (worldwide) caused by what
Dinoflagellates
111
Primary vector of Dinoflagellates
shellfish
112
symptoms of Paralytic shellfish poisoning
– Tingling of the lips and tongue, fingers and toes
– Loss of control of arms and legs,
– Muscles of the chest and abdomen become paralyzed
– Rarely: victim can suffocate
– Death from PSP has occurred in less than 30 minutes
113
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Cause massive mortalities in
fish, bird, and marine mammals
114
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning primary vector
shellfish
115
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning symptoms
vomiting, nausea and neurological symptoms (slurred speech)
116
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning's Primary vector
shellfish
117
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning symptoms
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
118
primary vector Ciguatera fish poisoning
reef fish such as grouper, barracuda,
snapper
119
the most commonly reported
marine toxin disease in the world
Ciguatera fish poisoning
120
symptoms of Ciguatera fish poisoning
nausea, vomiting, and neurologic symptoms such as tingling fingers or toes. They also may find that cold things feel hot and hot things feel cold
Symptoms usually go away in days or weeks but can last for years
121
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) primary vector
shellfish (especially razor clams)
122
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) symptoms
* Symptoms: vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal
cramps within 24 hours of ingestion
* Severe cases: headache, dizziness, confusion,
disorientation, short-term memory loss, motor
weakness, seizures, profuse respiratory secretions,
cardiac arrhythmias, coma, and possible death. Short
term memory loss can be permanent.
123
means “animal-like”
Protozoa
124
green
algae
125
blue
protozoa
126
red
non protists
127
Unicellular heterotrophic organisms
that are not fungi, slime molds, or
water molds
Protozoa
128
Protozoan Habitats
Majority are free living aquatic organisms
➢ also found in soil or in or on plants and animals
129
Essential decomposers in many ecosystems
Protozoa
130
Eat large numbers of bacteria and algae
Protozoa
131
pseudopods move the cell forward and engulf particles
Amoeba
132
Most are commensals; not pathogenic
➢ Exist both as a trophozoite and as a cyst
amoeba
133
growing, feeding form in intestines
trophozoite
134
infectious survival form in feces and environment
cys
135
pathogen that causes diseases ranging from mild
diarrhea to severe dysentery
Entamoeba histolytica
136
is normally free-living in warm waters, but if it enters sinuses it can invade and destroy brain tissue
Naegleria fowleri
137
Parasites with apical complex at one end; helps penetrate membrane of host cells
Apicomplexans
138
causes malaria, one of most significant infectious diseases in world
Plasmodium
139
Single large mitochondrion with a complex mass of DNA
Hemoflagellates
140
disease transmitted by sandflies
Leishmania
141
transmitted by kissing bug
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease)
142
transmitted by tse-tse fly
Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness)
143
Colonize the lumen of the intestinal tract or genital tract, using
flagella for movement
Lumen-Dwelling Flagellates
144
Lumen-Dwelling Flagellates reproduce how
asexually using binary fission
145
lives in intestinal tract and is among the leading causes of diarrhea worldwide
Giardia lamblia
146
sexually transmitted flagellate that
colonizes the genital tract
Trichomonas vaginalis
147
Trichomonas vaginalis forms what
hydrogenosome
148
organisms composed of ameboid cells; live on soil, leaf litter, decaying vegetation
Slime molds
149
two types of Slime molds
cellular and plasmodial
150
social amoeba
Cellular slime molds
151
vegetative cell of Cellular slime molds
single cell
152
When food is low, cells aggregate into mass called
slug
some cells form fruiting body, others spores
153
Cells fuse forming diploid multi-nucleated what
plasmodium
154
When food is low, forms
spore-bearing bodies
155
oozes over decaying wood and leaves,
ingests organic debris and microorganisms
Plasmodium
156
Water molds
Oomycetes
157
Form masses of white threads on decaying material
Oomycetes
158
Important food crop diseases of Oomycetes
- downy mildew of grapes
- potato blight (infection of potatoes in the 19th century)
