Chapter 9

Question 1

altering genetic info using in vitro
techniques

Answer 1

Genetic engineering

Question 2

is the study and analysis of genomes

Answer 2

Genomics

Question 3

is the study of RNA molecules and their functions

Answer 3

Transcriptomics

Question 4

Studies of gene expression to determine how cancer cells escape
the mechanisms that normally limit cell multiplication

Answer 4

Transcriptomics

Question 5

is the study of proteins, their functions, and their expression profile

Answer 5

Proteomics

Question 6

conditions that promote the expression of various proteins by a cell or group of cells

Answer 6

expression profile

Question 7

used in disease diagnosis often rely on detection of nucleotide sequences unique to the pathogen

Answer 7

Diagnostic tests

Question 8

used in forensics relies on the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 8

DNA typing (“DNA fingerprinting”)

Question 9

corrects life-threatening genetic defects, including myotubular myopathy (MTM), which causes extreme muscle
weakness

Answer 9

Gene therapy

Question 10

uses a patient’s genetic makeup as a basis for treatment

Answer 10

Precision medicine

Question 11

numerous scientific discoveries have relied on genetic engineering or other biotechnologies

Answer 11

Research

Question 12

example of Therapeutic proteins

Answer 12

insulin

Question 13

crops have been genetically engineered

Answer 13

Transgenic crops

Question 14

Basic components of molecular biologist’s “tool kit”

Answer 14

▪ Restriction enzymes
▪ Reverse Transcriptase
▪ DNA Gel electrophoresis

Question 15

Restriction enzymes cut DNA strands at a

Answer 15

recognition sequence

Question 16

Restriction enzymes generates

Answer 16

restriction fragments

Question 17

Cohesive ends (sticky ends) that are
complementary can

Answer 17

anneal

Question 18

Restriction enzymes Allows creation of

Answer 18

recombinant DNA molecules (= from 2 sources)

Question 19

joins molecules covalently

Answer 19

DNA ligase

Question 20

Makes DNA from an RNA template to create an intron free
copy of a gene

Answer 20

Reverse Transcriptase

Question 21

Reverse Transcriptase isolate what

Answer 21

mRNA

Question 22

DNA polymerase synthesizes
complementary strand to form

Answer 22

double-stranded cDNA

Question 23

• Separates DNA fragments based on size
• Allows identification/isolation of DNA fragments

Answer 23

DNA Gel electrophoresis

Question 24

DNA migrates toward

Answer 24

(+) electrode

Question 25

what size fragments move more slowly

Answer 25

Larger

Question 26

DNA segment is inserted into existing plasmid or other replicon, also called a what

Answer 26

vector

Question 27

steps of DNA cloning

Answer 27

* Isolate DNA from 1 organism * Cut with restriction enzymes * Join insert (DNA fragment) with vector (plasmid) to generate independently replicating recombinant molecule * Introduce into host (for example, E. coli) where it will replicate

Question 28

what is joined to generate independently replicating recombinant molecule

Answer 28

(DNA fragment) with vector (plasmid)

Question 29

Applications of Molecular Cloning

Answer 29

* Protein production * DNA production * Research tools

Question 30

a collection of clone that together contain the entire genome of an organism

Answer 30

DNA library

Question 31

The first step of cloning is to obtain what

Answer 31

DNA from the bacterium of interest

Question 32

DNA released from the lysed bacteria is separated from debris by

Answer 32

precipitation using salt and alcohol

Question 33

Combine the two types of DNA along with DNA ligase to form

Answer 33

recombinant molecules

Question 34

is usually modified plasmid or bacteriophage

Answer 34

Vector

Question 35

what does a Vector have

Answer 35

* Origin or replication * Multiple-cloning site * Selectable marker * Second genetic marker

Question 36

a short nucleotide sequence that includes the recognition sequences of several restriction enzymes

Answer 36

Multiple-cloning site

Question 37

✓A gene that encodes resistance to an antibiotic (ampicillin common) ✓Eliminate cells without vector

Answer 37

Selectable marker

Question 38

✓A gene that encodes an observable characteristic ✓To identify colonies that contain recombinant molecules

Answer 38

Second genetic marker

Question 39

gene for ampicillin resistance

Answer 39

Selectable marker

Question 40

introduce specific changes in the existing nucleotide sequence of a living cell’s genome

Answer 40

gene editing

Question 41

can locate and alter specific sites in a DNA molecule

Answer 41

CRISPR systems

Question 42

directs the Cas nuclease to make a double-stranded cut in the DNA

Answer 42

gRNA

Question 43

used to precisely modify the DNA as a way to study gene function

Answer 43

Gene editing

Question 44

Does not cut DNA, but still uses RNA guide to bind to specific DNA sequence

Answer 44

“Dead” or dCas9

Question 45

are used for rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases or cancers

Answer 45

Cas systems

Question 46

characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body

Answer 46

Human Microbiome Project (2007)

Question 47

Effort to sequence all the known animal, plant, protozoan, and fungal species

Answer 47

The Earth BioGenome Project (2018)

Question 48

The rapid explosion of data that followed gave rise to a new field called

Answer 48

bioinformatics

Question 49

➢ Characterized over 20,000 cases of cancer ➢ Lead to better diagnosis and personalized therapies

Answer 49

The Cancer Genome Atlas

Question 50

High throughput sequencing

Answer 50

next-generation (next-gen) sequencing

Question 51

Analyze millions of overlapping small sequences

Answer 51

High throughput sequencing

Question 52

Relies on high-throughput DNA sequencing

Answer 52

RNA-Seq (RNA Sequencing)

Question 53

Reverse transcriptase used to create

Answer 53

cDNA

Question 54

Used to study gene expression and may replace PCR

Answer 54

RNA Sequencing