Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Who conducted an experiment that led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material? When?

A

Griffith; 1928

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Avery test in 1931?

A

DNA, protein, and lipids and identified DNA as the only molecule that could change R into S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Hershey and Chase find in 1952?

A

They provided evidence that DNA was the genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the full name for DNA?

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that code for a particular protein which, in turn, codes for a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

A structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What enzymes are responsible for moving along each of the DNA stands, adding nucleotides to the exposed shades according to the base-pairing rules?

A

DNA polymerases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does DNA replication always begin at one end and end at the other? Why or why not?

A

Sometimes it does in bacteria but in eukaryotes, it begins in multiple places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In what two organelles can DNA be found?

A

The mitochondria and the chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What two scientists established the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

A twisted ladder (double helix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the sides of the ladder made of?

A

Alternating deoxyribose and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the rungs of the ladders made of?

A

Pairs of four nitrogen bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does A bond with in DNA? What does G bond with?

A

T; C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two purines in DNA?

A

Adenine and guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the repeating units in DNA?

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

Two strands separate, serve as a template on which a new complementary strand is laid down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What must happen to the double helix before replication can begin?

A

The length must be copied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the DNA helicase?

A

The “unpackage” an organism’s protein

21
Q

Where are the instructions for making proteins found?

A

In DNA

22
Q

What is the central dogma of Biology?

A

DNA codes for RNA which guides the making proteins

23
Q

What sugar does RNA contain?

A

Ribose

24
Q

What is thymine switched to in RNA?

A

Uracil

25
Q

How many strands does RNA have? How many does DNA have?

A

One; two

26
Q

What are the three kinds of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

27
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

Long strands of RNA nucleotides that direct ribosomes make proteins

28
Q

What is ribosomal RNA?

A

Molecules that make up part of the ribosomes of a cell

29
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A

Molecules that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

30
Q

What is made out of DNA during transcription?

A

MRNA

31
Q

What are introns?

A

Sequences that interrupt the DNA code

32
Q

What are exons?

A

The sequences that remain in the mRNA

33
Q

How many amino acids are there that are used to make proteins?

A

20

34
Q

What is a codon?

A

A three base code

35
Q

What are the three codons that code for stop?

A

UAA, UGA, and UAG

36
Q

What is the start codon?

A

Methionine; AUG

37
Q

What is translation?

A

When the mRNA connects to a ribosome and is read and translated to make proteins

38
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

The three base sequence on tRNA

39
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A permanent change in the cells DNA

40
Q

What causes a point mutation?

A

They occur when a single nucleotide is changed and can result in genetic disorders

41
Q

What is a substitution?

A

I kind of point beautician that occurs when one basis exchange for another

42
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

A substitution in which the DNA codes for the wrong amino acid

43
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A mutation that causes translation to stop early

44
Q

How do insertions and deletions occur?

A

When a nucleotide is added or lost

45
Q

What does the frameshift mutation cause?

A

The ribosome to misread the codons

46
Q

How are mutations and somatic cells passed on?

A

They aren’t

47
Q

How are mutations in gametes passed on?

A

There are passed on to the organisms offspring. Every cell in the offspring will carry the mutation

48
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and protein

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions