chapter 12

Question 1

comparing people of different ages at the same time

Answer 1

cross - sectional research

Question 2

cohort

Answer 2

group of people who grow up at simliar times, in similar places, and in similar conditions

Question 3

research method that investiagtes behavior as participants get older

Answer 3

longitudinal research

Question 4

difference between longitudinal and cross sectional studies

Answer 4

longitudinal - assess change in behavior over time

cross sectional - differences among groups of people

Question 5

rod shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary info

Answer 5

chromosomes

Question 6

zygote

Answer 6

new cell formed by union of an egg and sperm

Question 7

embryo

Answer 7

developed zygote that has a heart, brain, other organs

Question 8

fetus

Answer 8

• developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth

Question 9

sensitive periods

Answer 9

time when organisms are particularly suceptibel to certain kinds of stimuli

Question 10

PKU

Answer 10

• child born with this cannot produce enzyme that is required for normal development. cause profound intellectual disability
• treatable if caught early

Question 11

sickle cell anmeia

Answer 11

• pain, yellowish eyes, stunted growth, vision problems

Question 12

down syndrome

Answer 12

zygote receives an extra chromosome at moment of conception

Question 13

enviornmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus taht produce a birth defect
ex: mother’s nutrition, mother’s illness, mother alc or nicotine use

Answer 13

teratogens

Question 14

rooting refelx

Answer 14

newborns turn heads toward things that touch cheeks

Question 15

the decrease in the response to a stim that occurs after repeated presentations of same stim

Answer 15

habituation

Question 16

securely attached children

Answer 16

• mother as home base. explore independtely but return to mom occasionally. mom leaves = distress
• tend to be more socially and emotionally competent

Question 17

avoidant children

Answer 17

• dont cry when mom leaves, avoid mom when she returns. indifferent to her

Question 18

ambivalent children

Answer 18

anxeity b4 seperated, upset right when mom leaves. show ambivalent reactions when mom return close contact, but still kick / hit her

Question 19

disorganized - disoriented children

Answer 19

children show inconsistent and contradictory behavior

Question 20

rigid and punitive, strict standards, discourage expressions of disagreement.
- children tend to be unsociable, unfriendly, withrawn

Answer 20

authoritarian

Question 21

give children relaxed or inconsistent direciton, warm and require little of childre
- children tend to show immaturity, low self - control, moody

Answer 21

permissive

Question 22

firm, set limits for children. older = reason and explain things to them, set clear goals, encourage independence
- high social skills, self -reliant, independent

Answer 22

authoritative

Question 23

show little interest in children, parenting as nothing but providing needs

Answer 23

uninvolved

Question 24

trust vs. mistrust stage

Answer 24

• first stage of erikson theory of psychological development
• birth to 1.5
• infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust

Question 25

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 25

- second stage of erikson theory of psychological development - 1.5 - 3 - self suffiency if exploration is encouraged. self doubt and no independence if held back

Question 26

initiative vs. guilt stage

Answer 26

- third stage of erikson theory of psychological development - 3 - 6 - discovery of ways to initiate actions, guilt from thoughts and actions

Question 27

industry vs. inferiroirty stage

Answer 27

- fourth stage of erikson theory of psychological development - ages 6-12 - developing sense of competence or sense of no mastery and inferiority

Question 28

piaget 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 28

sensoritmotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational SPCF

Question 29

sensorimotor stage

Answer 29

- cognitive development - birth to 2 years - development of object permanence and motor skills - little / no capacity for symbolic representation

Question 30

preoperational stage

Answer 30

- cognitive development - 2 to 7 years - develop langauge - egocentric thorugh (world solely from his/her perspective) - no principle of conservation

Question 31

concrete operational stage

Answer 31

- cognitive development - 7 to 12 years - mastery of conservation - logical thought and loss of egocentrism

Question 32

formal operational stage

Answer 32

- cognitive development - 12 years to adulthood - abstract thought

Question 33

vygotsky theory

Answer 33

culture in which we are raised affects cognitive development

Question 34

identity vs. role confusion

Answer 34

- fifth stage of erikson theory of psychological development - adolescence - major testing to determine one's unique qualities

Question 35

intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 35

- sixth stage of erikson theory of psychological development - early adulthood - development of loving, sexual relationships, close friendships. fear of relationships with others

Question 36

generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 36

- seventh stage of erikson theory of psychological development - middle adulthood - sense of contribution to continuity of live, trivialzation of one's activities

Question 37

ego integrity vs despair

Answer 37

- eigth of erikson theory of psychological development - late adulthood - sense of unity in life's accomplishments, regret over lost opportunities

Question 38

The process in which children’s genetic predisposition leads them to seek certain environments which, in turn, further alter their development.

Answer 38

niche - picking

Question 39

information processing approach to development

Answer 39

quantitative changes occur in children’s ability to organize and manipulate information.

Question 40

zone of proximal development

Answer 40

vygotsky | - gap between what children already able to accomplish and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves

Question 41

scaffolding

Answer 41

presenting info that is both new and within the child's ZPD

Question 42

kohlberg 3 levels of morality

Answer 42

1) preconventional morality (avoidance of punishment, desire for rewards) 2) conventional morality (behave in ways that will win acceptance from others) 3) postconvential morality (understand broad principles of morality)

Question 43

genetic preprogramming theories of aging

Answer 43

human cells have abuilt in time limit to their repreduction adn they are no longer bale to divide after a certain time

Question 44

wear and tear theories of aging

Answer 44

mechanical function of body simply stop working efficiently

Question 45

disengagement theory of aging

Answer 45

successfull aging is a gradual withdrawal from the world on a physical, psychological, social levels

Question 46

epigenesis

Answer 46

factors from the environment that effect how genes are expressed

Question 47

tay sachs disease

Answer 47

usually die by age 3 or 4 because of the body’s inability to break down fat

Question 48

sequential research

Answer 48

Examine a number of different age groups at several points in time