Chapter 12

Question 1

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 1

Circulation between heart and lungs. Goes through pulmonary veins and arteries.

Question 2

Systemic circuit

Answer 2

Blood flows throughout the body. oxygenated blood in arteries, deoxygenated blood in veins

Question 3

Cardiac Output (Q)

Answer 3

Heart rate x Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped in a minute by either left or right ventricle.

Question 4

Strove Volume (SV)

Answer 4

Amount of blood pumped by either left or right ventricle per beat

Question 5

Heart Rate (HR)

Answer 5

Number of heart beats per minute

Question 6

Skeletal Muscle Pump (Venous return)

Answer 6

1. At rest, Both proximal and distal valves are open
2. Muscle contractions milks the blood towards the heart. Bottom valve close preventing downward flow
3. Upon relaxation, top valve closes to prevent the blood from flowing back down. Middle section is ‘empty’ Blood pressure higher than foot.
   Bottom valve opens up and let the blood through

Question 7

Alveoli

Answer 7

Thin walled elastic hollow sacs

Vital surface for gas exchange

Question 8

Lungs

Answer 8

4-6 litres
Millions of Alveoli
Maintains a constant favourable pressure gradient for exchange of O2 and CO2 between Alveoli and Capillaries.

Question 9

Ventilation Rule

Answer 9

Air molecules moves from high pressure to low pressure

Question 10

Inspiration

Answer 10

Diaphragm + external intercostal muscle contract
Increase volume in lung
Creates low pressure in the lung
Air flows in

Question 11

Expiration

Answer 11

Predominantly passive. 
The inspiratory muscles relax 
Lung volume decreased
Pressure increased in lung
Air flows out

Question 12

Minute Ventilation (Ve)

Answer 12

Volume of air inspired or expired in one minute

Vt x Fr) or (tidal volume x respiratory frequency

Question 13

Tidal Volume (Vt)

Answer 13

Volume of air ventilated per BREATH

Question 14

Respiratory frequency (Fr)

Answer 14

Number of Breath per minute

Question 15

Hematocrit

Answer 15

Portion of of blood composed of blood cells and formed elements

Ranges from 40-50% in males, 35-45% in Female
Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood by volume and is 90-95 % water

Question 16

Oxyhemoglobin(HbO2)

Answer 16

Hb + O2 = HbO2

Hemoglobin + oxygen = Oxyhemoglobin

Question 17

Hemoglobin

Answer 17

Is iron-containing protein that reversely binds with oxygen molecules
98% of oxygen in blood is carried by Red blood cell in chemical combination with hemoglobin

Question 18

Systolic blood pressure

Answer 18

Pressure against arteriole wall when left ventricle (SYSTOLE) contracts

Question 19

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Answer 19

Pressure in arteries between Ventricular contractions ( DIASTOLE)

Question 20

Pulse Pressure

Answer 20

Systolic pressure - Diastolic Pressure

Represents driving force of the heart

Question 21

Hypertension

Answer 21

Medical term for high blood pressure

Question 22

Blood pressure response for dynamic exercises

Answer 22

Systolic BP increases as exercise intensity increase

Diastolic BP remain constant/ slightly goes up

Question 23

Blood Pressure response during Static exercise

Answer 23

Significant increase to resistance in blood flow

Large rise in both Systolic and Diastolic BP

Question 24

What is change in flow during exercise caused by (3)

Answer 24

Increased BP
Dilation of arterioles
Decreased blood flow to other tissues

Question 25

State the fick equation

Answer 25

- see google doc

Question 26

VO2 max

Answer 26

highest oxygen use an individual can attain during physical exercise at sea level

Question 27

Factors that determine VO2 max (4)

Answer 27

- ability of the heart to pump blood - oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (hemoglobin content) - ability of the working muscles to accept a large blood supply - ability of the muscle cells to extract oxygen from the capillary blood and use it to produce energy

Question 28

List some factors that endurance performance depends on

Answer 28

- VO2 max - Anaerobic or lactate threshold (LT2) - Individual variation in mechanical efficiency - Motivation - Available fuel (diet) - Correct training and recovery cycles - Daily variation

Question 29

Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes from aerobic training

Answer 29

- Improved CR system capacity, hormonal changes, | improved cellular aerobic mechanisms, improved emotional well-being

Question 30

Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes you will notice of a person at rest (3)

Answer 30

- heart mass and heart volume increase - decrease in heart rate and increase in stroke volume (NO CHANGE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT) - increase in blood volume and total hemoglobin content (but not hemoglobin concentration)

Question 31

Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes during submaximal exercise

Answer 31

- Decrease in heart rate and an increase in stroke volume for a given sub-maximal workload. - Slight decrease in cardiac output for a given submaximal workload (better a-vO2diff and less work for the heart). - No change or slight decrease in oxygen consumption at a given sub-maximal workload. Any decrease is probably due to an increase in mechanical efficiency. - Decrease in the amount of air breathed at a particular rate of sub-maximal oxygen consumption

Question 32

Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes during maximal exercise

Answer 32

• No change or more likely a slight decrease in maximal heart rate. • Increase in maximum stroke volume. • Increase in maximum cardiac output. • Increase in maximal (a-v)O2 difference. • Hence if the two factors above increase, there must also be an increase in maximum oxygen consumption. Refer to the Fick equation discussed above if you are not sure about this statement. • Increase in endurance performance. • Increase in maximum minute ventilation.

Question 33

Quiz yourself: describe the systemic cardiorespiratory effects you would observe in an individual who undergoes 4 months of aerobic conditioning - at rest - during submaximal exercise - during maximal exercise

Answer 33

-

Question 34

``` Which parts of the heart work together as pumps? A. the atria and the aorta B. ventricles and the atria C. the endocardium and the pericardium D. the aorta and the pulmonary artery E. the inferior and superior venae cavae ```

Answer 34

B. ventricles and the atria

Question 35

``` Blood that travels from the pulmonary veins back to the heart is: A. oxygen-rich B. T-cell-rich C. deoxygenated D. evaporated E. hemoglobinated ```

Answer 35

A: oxygen rich

Question 36

``` Which of these muscles are not involved in inspiration? A. diaphragm B. external intercostals C. abdominal muscles D. all three are involved ```

Answer 36

C

Question 37

``` One result of developing cardiovascular fitness is to A. decrease stroke volume B. decrease resting heart rate C. decrease blood volume D. decrease maximum breathing capacity E. increase haemoglobin concentration ```

Answer 37

B

Question 38

``` The amount of air breathed per breath is called: A. total lung capacity B. respiratory ventilation C. respiratory volume D. tidal volume E. minute ventilation ```

Answer 38

D

Question 39

If the oxygen uptake is 3 L.min-1 and the (a-v)O2 difference is 150 ml O2 per litre of blood, the cardiac output is _____ L·min-1: A. 4.5 B. 20 C. 153 D. 450

Answer 39

B