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chapter 12 bio 1191 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe sensory input division of the CNS

A

somatic senses (relating to the body) and special senses

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2
Q

MOTOR output division categories

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

somatic and autonomic n.s. breakdown branches and the parts included

A

somatic - skeletal muscle
autonomic - sympathethic div. and parasympathethic div. controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
Enteric plexuses (relating to intestine) - smooth muscle and glands of digestive canal

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4
Q

nerve impulse is also called

A

action potential

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5
Q

3 types of neurons depending on the number of processes extending from cell body

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

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6
Q

2 examples of dendritic branching

A

purkinje cells and pyramidal cells

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7
Q

list the type of neurons and their qualities

A

Sensory/afferent - conveys info to CNS
Motor/efferent - conveys action potential from CNS
Interneurons/association - process sensory info and elicit motor response

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8
Q

sensory neuron is usually…

A

Pseudounipolar

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9
Q

interneuron is usually…

A

Multipolar

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10
Q

motor neuron is usually…

A

Multipolar

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11
Q

name the qualities of neurons and neuroglia

A

Neuroglia - not electrically excitable, make up about half the volume of the nervous system, can multiply and divide, and 6 kinds (4 in CNS, and 2 in PNS)

Neuron - electrically excitable, cannot divide, cellular structure, nerve impulses

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12
Q

the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS and their function

A

Astrocytes - support neurons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes - produce myelin in the CNS
Microglia - participate in phagocytosis
Ependymal cells - form and circulate CSF

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13
Q

2 types of neuroglia in pns

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

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14
Q

astrocytes

A

Support neurons in the CNS
Maintain the chemical environment (Ca2+ and K+)

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin in the CNS

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16
Q

microglia

A

Participate in phagocytosis

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17
Q

ependymal cells

A

Form and circulate CSF

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18
Q

satellite cells

A

Support neurons in the PNS

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19
Q

schwann cells

A

Produce myelin in PNS

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20
Q

myelin sheath is produced by what and surrounds what

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes and surrounds the axon

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21
Q

how do excitable cells communicate with each other

A

Via action potentials or graded potentials

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22
Q

action potentials allow communication over ….. and …. distance and GP allow over ….. distance

A

Long, short, short

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23
Q

production of an AP or GP depends on what

A

Existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels

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24
Q

leak channels randomly what

A

Open and close

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25
which channel is more numerous
K+
26
ligand gated channels respond to
Chemical stimuli (ligand binds to receptor)
27
mechanically gated channels respond to
Mechanical vibration or pressure stimuli
28
voltage gated channels respond
To direct changes in membrane potential
29
leak channels found in
Nearly all cells and dendrites and all types of neurons
30
ligand gated found in
Dendrites of some sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
31
mechanical gated found in
Dendrites of some sensory neurons
32
voltage gated found in
Axons of all types of neurons
33
membrane of a non-conducting neuron is ... outside and ... inside
Positive and negative
34
most anions cannot .... the cell which make the non equal charge of membrane
Leave
35
.... distribution of ... across the plasma membrane
Unequal… ion…
36
GP occurs in response to
The opening of a mechanically gated or ligand gated ion channel
37
amplitude of a GP depends
On the stimulus strength
38
graded potentials being added together to become larger in amplitude is...
Summation
39
action potential is a sequence of ..... occuring events that ..... and eventually .... and .... the membrane potential to its resting state
Rapidly, decrease and restore
40
two phases of the AP
Depolarization and repolarization
41
what is the charge of resting state and the peak charge
-70 and +30
42
depolarization makes it less ...
Negative and more positive
43
AP can occur only when
Only if membrane potential reaches threshold
44
resting state in AP , the voltage gated Na+ and K+ are
Closed
45
depolarizing phase is when the MP of an axon reaches .. and the what opens and they move into where
Threshold, Na gates open and the Na moves into neuron to become depolarized
46
repolarizing phase is when NA channels ..... and what opens and what leaves the neuron
Close and K opens and K leaves the neuron
47
resting state occurs when what closes
K gates close and restores resting membrane potential
48
compare GP and AP, they arise where?
GP arise in dendrites and cell body and AP at trigger zones and along the axon
49
GP and AP have what channels
GP is Mechanic or ligand gated and AP is voltage gated (Na and K)
50
conduction of GP and AP
Decremental (not propagated) so only communication over short distances and AP allows longer distance because of propagation
51
amplitude (size) of AP and GP
AP is all or none, and around 100mV GP is depending on the stimulus, from less than 1mV to more than 50mV
52
duration of GP and AP
GP is long from milli to minutes and AP is short from 0.5 to 2 msec
53
Polarity of GP and AP
GP may be hyperpolarized or depolarized and AP is always of a depolarize into a repolarize into a resting potential
54
Refractory period of GP and AP
GP can do summation so no refractory period needed and AP is present coz no summation
55
Do AP die out when in propagation or travelling?
no because they keep their strength when spread across the membrane of a neuron
56
3 factors that affect propagation speed
axon diameter, larger means faster amount of myelination, myelin increases speed temperature, higher means faster
57
What is a synapse
the junction between neurons or between a neuron and an effector
58
The 2 types of synapses
electrical and chemical
59
Electrical synapse have what junction and do what
gap junctions between cells and transfer of info to sync the activity of a group of cells
60
Chemical synapse has a what kind of transfer from what to what
one-way transfer of info from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic
61
A postsynaptic neuron can receive how many signals
many signals at once
62
Neurotransmitters at chemical synapses can cause either
excitatory or inhibitory GP
63
Neurotransmitter receptors have 2 structures
lonotropic receptors which contains a neurotransmitter binding site and ion channel metabotropic which contain NT b.s. and coupled to a separate ion channel by a G protein
64
3 ways neurotransmitter can be removed from the synaptic cleft
diffusion, enzymatic degradation, uptake into cells
65
If several presynaptic end bulbs release NTrans at the same time, then what will happen
a nerve impulse due to summation
66
Summation may be … or ….
spatial or temporal
67
Dendrites function
receive stimuli trhu activation of ligand gated or mechanically gated ion channel in sensory neurons. produce generator or receptor potentials in motor neurons and interneurons produce EPSP and IPSPs
68
Cell body
receives stimuli and produces EPSP and IPSPs through activation of ligand gated ion channels
69
Axon
.propagates nerve impulses from initial segment or from dendrites, to axon terminals in self regenerating manner, impulse strengh does change as it propagates along the axon
70
Junctions of axon hillock and initial segment of axon
trigger zone in many neurons, integrates EPSPs and IPSPs and if sum reach threshold then it initiates nerve impulse
71
Axon terminals and synaptic end bulbs (or varicosities)
inflow of Ca2+ caused by depolarization of nerve impulse triggers, exocytosis of NTrans from synaptic vesicles
72
5 types of neural circuits
simple series, diverging, converging and reverberating, and parallel after-discharge
73
Neural circuit is
functional group of neurons that process specific types of information
74
Diverging vs converging circuit
4 outputs for diverging and 1 output for converging and both 3 inputs
75
Reverberating circuit quality
reverberating means repeating several times
76
Plasticity
capability to change based on experience
77
in CNS, there is little to no repair due to
inhibitory influences from neuroglia, particularly oligodendrocytes absence of growth stimulating cues that were present during fetal development rapid formation of scar tissue
78
PNS repair is …. If the …. Is intact , and ….. are functional and scar tissue formation does not ….
possible, cell body, schwann cells, occur too rapidly
79
3 steps involved in repair process
chromatolysis wallerian degeneration formation of regeneration tube
80
Neural disorder
multiple sclerosis - autoimmune disease that causes progressive destruction of myelin sheath cause unclear and may be genetic or environmental
81
Symptoms of multiple sclerosis
muscle weakness, abnormal sensations and double vision
82
Neural disorder involving sad
depression
83
4 types of depression
major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression (manic-depressive illness), seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
84
Depression treated with SSRIs, which stands for?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
85
2 neural disorders that start with E
epilepsy - short attacks of motor and sensory function, synchronous electrical discharges from millions of neurons excitotoxicity - destructions of neurons through prolonged activation of excitatory synaptic transmission, high levels of glutamine in CNS interstitial fluid

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