Chapter 13 Bio 1191

Question 1

3 functions of the spinal cord

Answer 1

Process reflexes, integrates EPSPs and IPSPs, conduct sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors

Question 2

Spinal cord is protected by 3 things

Answer 2

Bone vertebrae, meninges connective tissue, and fluid CSF

Question 3

3 layers of meninges from inner to outer

Answer 3

Dura mater outer, arachnoid mater middle, pia mater inner

Question 4

Spinal cord begins as an extension of where and at the level of the …… and terminates at the level of…

Answer 4

Medulla oblongata , foramen magnum, level L2

Question 5

Arising from the conus …. Is the ……., an extension of the pia mater that extends inferiority and blends with the arachnoid and dura

Answer 5

Medullaris , filum terminale

Question 6

The filum terminale anchors the spinal cord to what….

Answer 6

Coccyx

Question 7

What is the “horses tail”? And where is it angled

Answer 7

The cauda equina and are the roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle down alongside the filum terminale

Question 8

Spinal cord has how many enlargements?

Answer 8

Two

Question 9

Where are the enlargements

Answer 9

Cervical area C4-T1 and thoracic/lumbar area T9-T12

Question 10

Cervical enlargement correlates with the …. Input and ….. output to the …. Extremities

Answer 10

Sensory, motor, upper

Question 11

Lumbar enlargement handles … output and …. Input to and from the ….

Answer 11

Motor, sensory , legs

Question 12

In spinal cord, the white matter is on the …. , and gray matter on the ….. and brain is vice versa

Answer 12

Outside, inside

Question 13

Cervical characteristics

Answer 13

Large diameter, lots of white matter, oval shaped, and posterior gray horn is large and anterior horn is small.

Question 14

Central canal is filled with …

Answer 14

CSF

Question 15

Cervical characteristics

Answer 15

Large diameter and large white matter amount, oval, posterior gray horn is large and anterior horn is small

Question 16

Thoracic characteristics

Answer 16

Small diameter coz small amount of gray matter, except for first segment, anterior and posterior horn are both small , there is a lateral gray horn present

Question 17

Lumbar characteristics

Answer 17

Nearly circular, very large anterior and posterior gray horns, small lateral gray horn present in upper segments, less white matter than cervical

Question 18

Sacral characteristics

Answer 18

Small but large gray matter and small white matter. And the horns are thick and large

Question 19

Two bundle of axons are called

Answer 19

Roots

Question 20

Roots connect each …. Nerve to a segment of the cord by smaller bundles of axons called ….

Answer 20

Spinal , rootlets

Question 21

The …. Root and rootlets contain only sensory axons and conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the ….?

Answer 21

Posterior (dorsal), skin, muscles, and internal organs to the CNS

Question 22

Each posterior root has a swelling , which is the ……

Answer 22

Posterior root ganglion

Question 23

The posterior root ganglion contains the …… of sensory neurons

Answer 23

Cell bodies

Question 24

The anterior root and rootlets contain ….. of motor neurons

Answer 24

Axons

Question 25

The axons of motor neurons conduct nerve impulses from the …. To ……

Answer 25

CNS to effectors

Question 26

What is commonly administered to women about to go to labour and is placed where?

Answer 26

Epidural anesthesia and a needle into the posterior spine until it penetrates ligamentum flavum but superficial to dura mater

Question 27

Needle inserted into subarachnoid space for withdrawing CSF is called

Answer 27

Lumbar puncture

Question 28

How many pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 28

31

Question 29

Connective tissue covering spinal nerves from outer to inner

Answer 29

Epineurium outer around nerve, Perineurium around fascicle middle, endoneurium around fibre inner

Question 30

List the pairs of spinal nerves from cervical to coccygeal

Answer 30

8, 12, 5, 5, 1 pairs

Question 31

Large “braided ropes” is …

Answer 31

A plexus of nerves

Question 32

6 major plexuses that form from anterior rami and all anterior to the spine

Answer 32

Cervical, brachial, celiac (solar) , lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 33

Spinal nerve divides into several branches called

Answer 33

Rami

Question 34

Segments of the skin are supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain is called …

Answer 34

Dermatomes

Question 35

Cervical plexus supplies

Answer 35

Skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior portion of shoulders and chest and diaphragm

Question 36

Phrenic nerve is originated where and controls ….

Answer 36

C3-c5 and diaphragm

Question 37

Brachial plexus provides…

Answer 37

The entire nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs

Question 38

Which nerve affects carpal tunnel

Answer 38

Median nerve of brachial plexus

Question 39

What causes waiter’s tip

Answer 39

Erb-duchenne palsy

Question 40

What causes “winged scapula”

Answer 40

Long thoracic nerve of the brachial plexus which controls serratus anterior muscle

Question 41

What causes funny bone

Answer 41

Ulnar nerve bump

Question 42

The 2 known nerves of the lumbar plexus

Answer 42

Femoral and obturator

Question 43

What is the largest nerve of lumbar plexus

Answer 43

Femoral

Question 44

The nerve of sacral plexus

Answer 44

Sciatic nerve

Question 45

The sciatic nerve is made up of which 2 nerves

Answer 45

Tibial and common fibular, hamstring muscles

Question 46

How does information travel in the spinal cord, white matter tracts conduct …. To and from the brain

Answer 46

Nerve impulses

Question 47

Gray matter receives and integrates …. And …. Information to perform spinal …..

Answer 47

Incoming and out coming …. Reflexes

Question 48

What is reciprocal innervation

Answer 48

Neural circuit simultaneously contracts one muscle and relaxes its antagonists

Question 49

3 important spinal reflexes

Answer 49

Patellar reflex, Achilles reflex, babinski or plantar flexion reflex

Question 50

What is abnormal babinski

Answer 50

Infants normally extend their toes when the sole of foot is stimulated

Question 51

What is it when ascending and descending tracts are partially or completely severed

Answer 51

Transection of spinal cord

Question 52

Base of skull transection would result in?

Answer 52

Death because phrenic nerve cut

Question 53

Transection in upper cervical area?

Answer 53

Quadriplegia, paralysis of all 4 limbs

Question 54

Transection between cord enlargements ?

Answer 54

Paraplegia which is the legs and lower body but control arms and chest

Question 55

Transection lower part?

Answer 55

Maybe monoplegia which is one limb

Question 56

2 degenerative diseases of spine

Answer 56

Multiple sclerosis and ALS

Question 57

What is an acute infection of the PNS caused by herpes zoster virus (chickenpox)

Answer 57

Shingles