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bio > lab 1 midterm bio 1191 > Flashcards

lab 1 midterm bio 1191 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability of the body to maintain a controlled and stable internal environment by responding to internal and external stimuli

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2
Q

brain and spinal cord are know as …

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors are called…

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

3 classes of neurons are

A

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent) , and interneuron (association)

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5
Q

afferent conducts impulse from the …. receptor to the…

A

sensory, CNS

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6
Q

association neuron …. information from the … neurons and passes stimulus to ….

A

integreate, sensory, motor neurons

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7
Q

efferent conducts the impulse from the … to an …. , usually a muscle or ….

A

CNS, effector, gland

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8
Q

dendrites - are the …. or …. portions of a neuron

A

receiving, input

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9
Q

cell body also know as …., contains a …

A

soma, nucleus

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10
Q

axon hillock joins what together

A

it joins the axon to the cell body

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11
Q

axon …. nerve impulses towards another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell

A

propagates

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12
Q

what part of the axon is closest to the axon hillock

A

initial segment

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13
Q

where do nerve impulses arive at in neurons

A

trigger zone

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14
Q

axon collateral are located where and what are they

A

along the length of an axon, side branches, typically at a right angle to the axon

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15
Q

axon terminals divide into many …. ……

A

fine processes

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16
Q

site of communication between 2 neurons or a neuron and effector cell is

A

synapse

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17
Q

the tips of the axon terminals are

A

synaptic end bulbs

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18
Q

what 2 places stores the chemcial neurotransmitter

A

varicosities and synaptic end bulbs

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19
Q

what is the molecule that can excite or inhibit another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell

A

neurotransmitter

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20
Q

schwann cells form the ……. around axons

A

myelin sheath

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21
Q

axons are surrouned by a multilayered … and …. covering called …

A

lipid and protein, myelin sheath

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22
Q

what does the myelin sheath do for axons

A

electrically insulates the axon and increases speed fo nerve impulse conduction

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23
Q

what neuroglia produce myelin in CNS and PNS respectivelly

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

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24
Q

what outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cells encloses the myelin sheath

A

neurolemma

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25
a neurolemma is found only around axons in the ....
PNS
26
how does neurolemma help an injured axon
forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates regrowth of the axon
27
what are the gaps between myelin sheath and its 2 names
myelin sheath gaps or nodes of Ranvier
28
usually have several dendrites and one axon
multipolar neuron
29
have one dendrite and one axon
bipolar neuron
30
dendrite and axon that fused together to form a continuous process emerging from cell body
pseudounipolar
31
unipolar neurons are found in
PNS
32
multipolar neurons found in
CNS
33
bipolar neurons found in
in the retina of the eye and inner ear and olfactory area
34
astrocytes found in
CNS
35
oligodendrocytes found in
CNS
36
microglia and ependymal cells found in
CNS
37
schwann and satellite cells found in
PNS
38
neuroglia functions
provides support for neurons, forming myelin sheath, cleaning debris, forming cerebrospinal fluid,
39
differences between neuron and neuroglia
neuroglia are smaller, do not generate or propagate impulses, and neuroglia can divide and multiply, neurons conduct and propagate impulses, neurons are electrically excitable
40
functions of astrocyte
to provide support for neurons, isolate neurons to protect from harmful substances, help growth and migration among neurons in brain in the embryo
41
functions of oligodendrocytes
forming and maintaing the myelin sheath around CNS axons
42
microglial cells
function in phagocytes, removes cellular debris, microbes
43
ependymal cells
produce, circulate and monitor cerebrospinal fluid, forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
44
which neuroglia has cilia and microvillus
ependymal cells
45
schwann cells
encircle PNS axons and form the myelin sheath, and participate in axon regeneration
46
satellite cells
provide support and surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia
47
bundles of axons in the spinal cord make up the
white matter
48
white matter carry .... info to the brain and .... info back to the .... system
sensory, motor, peripheral nervous
49
centrally located of the spinal cord with cell bodies and axons of interneurons
gray matter
50
function of spinal cord is impulse ..... from the ..... to the brain and from the brain to the various ..... in the body
propagation, PNS, effectors
51
what are the three layers of connective tissue surrounding the spinal cord
spinal meninges
52
what are the three layers from outer to inner
dura, arachnoid, and pia mater
53
which layer is the toughest and most protective layer of the meninges
dura mater
54
what is the space between the dura and arachnoid filled with interstitial fluid
subdural space
55
what is the space between arachnoid mater and pia mater and filled with cerebrospinal fluid
subarachnoid space
56
dura mater is a thick strong layer composed of dense ..... CT
irregular
57
arachnoid mater is a thin, .... covering comprised of loosely arranged. ... and .... fibers
avascular, collegen and elastic
58
pia mater is a thin ..... CT layer that has many .... vessels that supply .... and nutrients to the spinal cord
transparent, blood, oxygen
59
epidural space is a cushion of .... and .....
fat and connective tissue
60
spinal nerves are the paths of ...... between spinal cord and specific regions of the body
communication
61
two bundle of axons are called
roots
62
smaller bundles of axons are called
rootlets
63
posterior roots contain only .... axons, which conduct nerve impulses from the .... receptors in the skin, muscles, internal organs into the ..... system
sensory, sensory, central nervous
64
each posterior root has a ..... , the spinal ...... which contains the cell bodies of ... neurons
swelling, ganglion, sensory
65
anterior root contain axons of .... neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the .... system to ....
motor, CNS, effectors
66
a wide groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord,
anterior median fissure
67
a narrow furrow on the posterior side of spinal cord
posterior median sulcus
68
white matter consists of bundles of .... axons of neurons
myelinated
69
gray matter consists of .... and cell bodies of neurons, ... axons, and n....
dendrites, unmyelinated, neuroglia
70
what extends the entire length of the spinal cord and filled with CSF
central canal
71
which horn contain axons of incoming sensory neurons as well as cell bodies and interneurons
posterior gray horn
72
which horn contain somatic motor nuclei, that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles
anterior gray horn
73
which horn, are only present in thoracic and upper lumbar , and mid sacral seggments of the spinal cord, and contain autonomic motor nuclei that regulate activity of cardiac, smooth, and glands
lateral gray horn
74
extends from the conus medullaris to the coccyx
filum terminale
75
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
76
nerve is a bundle of .... from ... neurons and is part of the .....
axons, multiple, PNS
77
anterior and posterior roots join outside the spinal cord to form...
mixed nerves
78
anterior spinal nerves divide into several branches called
rami
79
the .... rami, except for those of the thoracic spinal nerves, form a complex network of motor nerves called a
anterior, plexus
80
reflexes are .....
rapid, automatic sequences of actions that occur in response to a stimulus
81
what is the route an impulse takes to produce a reflex action
reflex arc
82
what are 5 basic components of a reflex arc
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, an integrating center, a motor neuron, effector
83
information is processed by
interneurons
84
a reflex that reuslts in secretion by a gland or contraction of smooth, cardiac is called two things
autonomic or visceral reflex
85
whats the simplest form of somatic reflex
stretch reflex
86
3 effector involved in a reflex arc
cardiac, smooth and gland
87
3 receptor involved in a reflex arc
nociceptors, thermoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors
88
difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex
mono has only one synapse in the path way and poly has more than one synapse and more than two types of neurons
89
stretch reflex only involves a .... reflex arc
monosynaptic
90
abnormal response to the plantar reflex is called what and what happens
babinski sign and the toes spread with the big toe extending instead of flexing of the toes in adults
91

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