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HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II > Chapter 12 - Body Defences > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Body Defences Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

-body’s ability to resist or eliminate harmful materials or abnormal cells

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2
Q

Immune System Functions

A

-defend against invading pathogens
-removed ‘worn-out’ cells
-identify and destroy abnormal cells
-amount appropriate immune response

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

-a target of immune system
-non-nucleated, single-celled microorganisms
-tissue damage and cause diseases by releasing enzymes

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4
Q

Viruses

A

-target of immune system
-have DNA or RNA
-cannot carry out metabolism or reproduce without a host cell

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5
Q

Skin

A

-first line/barrier of defence
-exposed to external environment
-physical barrier
-produce antimicrobial chemicals

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6
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

-first line/barrier of defence
-sticky secretions

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7
Q

Saliva

A

-help combat bacteria
-good bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite which is swallowed
-nitrite converted to nitric oxide and killed by bacteria

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8
Q

Lymphoid Tissues

A

-tonsils & adenoids
-provide protection against inhaled pathogens
-cilia trap debris in mucus that contains antibodies

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9
Q

Alveolar Macrophages

A

-scavenge air sacs in the lungs

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10
Q

Neutrophils (Leukocytes)

A

-highly mobile phagocytes
-engulf and destroy unwanted materials

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11
Q

Eosinophils (Leukocytes)

A

-secrete chemicals that fight parasites
-allergic reactions

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12
Q

Basophils (Leukocytes)

A

-release histamine and heparin
-allergic reactions

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13
Q

Monocytes (Leukocytes)

A

-transformed into macrophages (phagocytic specialists)

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14
Q

B Lymphocytes (Leukocytes)

A

-transformed into plasma cells
-secrete antibodies

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15
Q

T Lymphocytes (Leukocytes)

A

-cell-mediated immunity
-produced from lymphoid colonies in lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

Lymphoid Tissues

A

-tissues that produce, store, process lymphocytes
-resident macrophages remove microbes

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17
Q

Bone Marrow

A

-B cell maturation
-origin of all blood cells

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18
Q

Thymus

A

-T cell maturation
-secretes thymosin hormone

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19
Q

Spleen

A

-exchanges lymphocytes with the blood

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20
Q

Innate Immune Responses

A

-nonspecific, rapid, limited response
-first line of internal defence
-work immediately when exposed to threatening agent
-non-selectively defend against foreign invaders
-mark as foreign by recognizing molecular properties (sugars, lipids) rather than species

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21
Q

Elements of Innate Immune Response

A

-neutrophils
-macrophages
-plasma proteins

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22
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A

-specifically targets foreign material
-body has taken time to prepare to attack
-ultimate weapon

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23
Q

Antibody-mediated Immunity

A

-part of the adaptive immune response
-production of antibodies by B-lymphocyte derivatives (plasma cells)

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24
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

-part of adaptive immune response
-production of activated T-lymphocytes
-directly attack unwanted cells

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25
Q

Inflammation (Innate Immunity)

A

-nonspecific response to tissue injury and foreign invasion
-bring phagocytes and plasma proteins to invaded area
-destroy invaders
-remove debris
-prepare for healing

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26
Q

Natural Killer Cells (Innate Immunity)

A

-lyse viral-infected and cancer cells

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27
Q

Interferon (Innate Immunity)

A

-viral infections

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28
Q

Inflammation Steps

A
  1. Break in skin introduces bacteria, macrophages engulf pathogens while secreting cytokines and chemotaxins
  2. Mast cells release histamine
  3. Histamine dilates local vessels, cytokines cause neutrophils and monocytes to stick to vessel wall
  4. Chemotaxins attract neutrophils and monocytes which squeeze out of vessel wall and migrate to infection sites (diapedesis)
  5. Monocytes enlarge into macrophages which engulf and destroy pathogens
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29
Q

Chemotaxis

A

-chemicals released initiate rolling (margination) and migration

30
Q

Diapedesis

A

-emigration of leukocytes

31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-recognize certain carbohydrates or lipids on bacterial wall after contact
-aided by opsonins (prepare for eating)

32
Q

Pus

A

-collection of phagocytotic cells and dead tissues

33
Q

Opsonins

A

-not the name of a specific chemical
-the action of agents to help phagocytosis

34
Q

Histamine

A

-released from mast cells
-induces local vasodilation
-increases capillary permeability

35
Q

Interleukin-1 and 6 (TNF)

A

-from macrophages
-induce fever and promote inflammation
-enhance proliferation and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes

36
Q

Perfect Tissue Repair

A

-cell division replaces lost cells with same kind of cells

37
Q

Non-regenerative Tissue Repair

A

-nerve and muscle tissue
-lost cells replaced with scar tissue

38
Q

Complement System (Innate Immunity)

A

-plasma proteins attack cell membranes
-nonspecific response
-composed of plasma proteins
-produced by liver
-circulate in inactive form

39
Q

Complement System Steps

A

-cascade sequence of events
-C1-C5 activate each other
-C5-C9 assemble to form the membrane attack complex (MAC)

40
Q

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A

-hole punch
-embed in membrane
-leaky membrane
-victim cell swells and bursts
-killing without phagocytosis

41
Q

Complement System - Primary Mechanism

A

-activated by antibodies to kill foreign cells
-classical pathway

42
Q

Alternative Pathways

A

-activated by exposure to carbohydrate chains on surface of microorganisms

43
Q

Complement Proteins

A

-act as opsonins
-promote vasodilation and vascular permeability
-stimulate release of histamine

44
Q

Antiviral Effect (interferon)

A

-inhibit virus multiplication
-trigger virus-blocking enzymes
-released nonspecifically
-provide general rapid defence

45
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

-naturally occurring lymphocyte like cells
-nonspecifically destroy infected cells
-lyse cell membranes upon first exposure

46
Q

Antigen

A

-large, foreign, unique molecule
-induces an immune response
-more complex molecule = greater antigenicity

47
Q

Surface Receptors

A

-each lymphocyte has
-bind with one particular antigen

48
Q

Antibody Mediated Immunity (B Cells)

A

-bind with antigen
-differentiate into plasma and memory cells

49
Q

Plasma Cells

A

-B cells that differentiate
-produce antibodies
-B cells have receptors, when an antigen binds, the cell activates and divides into Plasma cells

50
Q

Memory Cells

A

-B cells that differentiate into dormant cells
-exposure to antigens wake up cell and start the immune response
-secondary response is quicker and longer lasting (induced by disease or vaccination)

51
Q

Plasma Cells

A

-produce antibodies that combine with specific antigens

52
Q

IgM (Immunoglobulin/antibody subclass)

A

-B cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
-secreted in early stages of plasma cell response

53
Q

IgG (Immunoglobulin/antibody subclass)

A

-most abundant immunoglobulin in blood
-produced in large amounts when exposed to same antigen

54
Q

Antibodies

A

-y shaped molecule
-four linked polypeptide chains

55
Q

Tail of Antibody

A

-determine functional antibody properties
-constant region
-identical to subclasses

56
Q

Tip of Antibody

A

-identical antigen binding fragments (Fab)
-on tip of each arm (unique to each antibody)

57
Q

Antibodies in Action

A
  1. Neutralization: antibodies neutralize toxins
  2. Agglutination (clumping of antigenic cells) and Precipitation (if the soluble complex is too large for solution) - prevents escaping cells
  3. Compliment System is Activated: inactive C1 complement molecule is activated by binding with antigen + antibody
  4. Phagocytosis is enhanced (opsonization): phagocyte attaches to receptor
  5. Natural Killer cell stimulated
57
Q

Clonal Selection

A

-diverse B lymphocytes (produced during fetal development) synthesize antibodies against particular antigens

57
Q

Clone

A

-identical antibodies cells formed by offspring of ancestral B lymphocytes
-not acquired
-mature in thymus

58
Q

Active Immunity

A

-self-generated
-results from exposure to antigen

59
Q

Passive Immunity

A

-borrowed immunity
-results from transfer of preformed antibodies
-immediate protection

60
Q

Preformed Antibodies

A

-natural or human intervention
-breastmilk
-grow and inject antibodies

61
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

-defence against most viral infections
-regulatory role in immune mechanisms
-cell-mediated immunity
-directly bind to targets (don’t secrete antibodies)

62
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (aka CD8 or killer T cells)

A

-release chemical that destroy targeted cells that are infected with a virus (host cells)
-kill cell directly or through enzymes
-require class 1 MHC + antigen

63
Q

Helper T Cells (CD4 cells)

A

-secrete chemicals that amplify activity of other immune cells
-not killer cells
-augment immune system
-secrete cytokines
-require class 2 MHC + antigen

64
Q

Memory T Cells

A

-memory pool
-primary (lymphoid tissues) and secondary responses

65
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

-membrane bound glycoproteins
-individual uniqueness

66
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

-allows T cells to recognize antigens on the surface of cells

67
Q

Class 1 MHC Molecules

A

-expressed on surface of all nucleated cells

68
Q

Class 2 MHC Molecules

A

-expressed on immune system cells
-macrophages, dendritic cells, activated B cells

69
Q

Perforin Molecules

A

-release granzymes to induce apoptosis
-released virus is phagocytized

70
Q
A

HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II (11 decks)

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