Chapter 15 - Fluid Balance

Question 1

Internal Pool

Answer 1

-the quantity of any particular substance in the ECF

Question 2

How to increase the internal pool (input)?

Answer 2

-transferring more in from the external environment (ingesting it)
-metabolically producing it

Question 3

How to decrease the internal pool (output)?

Answer 3

-excreting it to the outside
-metabolic consumption

Question 4

Input must be balanced by an equal _____.

Answer 4

-output (balance concept)

Question 5

Positive Balance

Answer 5

-exists when input exceeds output

Question 6

Negative Balance

Answer 6

-exists when output exceeds input

Question 7

Input

Answer 7

-poorly controlled or not controlled
-eating habits are variable
-involves the input of substances into the plasma

Question 8

Output

Answer 8

-compensatory adjustments
-occur by urinary excretion

Question 9

Body fluid is __% extracellular

Answer 9

33 (1/3)

Question 10

Body fluid is __% intracellular.

Answer 10

67 (2/3)

Question 11

Extracellular fluid is __% interstitial fluid.

Answer 11

75

Question 12

Extracellular fluid is __% plasma.

Answer 12

25

Question 13

Water is __% of body weight.

Answer 13

60

Question 14

Lymph

Answer 14

-a minor ECF component
-the fluid being returned from the interstitial fluid to the plasma

Question 15

Transcellular Fluid

Answer 15

-CSF
-intraocular fluid
-synovial fluid
-pericardial, intrapleural, peritoneal fluids
-digestive juices
-don’t usually reflect changes in the body’s fluid balance

Question 16

Cellular Plasma Membranes

Answer 16

-the barrier between the ECF and ICF
-ICF has proteins that cannot permeate cell membrane
-Na+K+ are unequally distributed

Question 17

Blood Vessel Walls

Answer 17

-the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid
-the fluid is near identical (minus plasma proteins in ISF)

Question 18

Chemical Disequilibrium

Answer 18

-concept of having an unequal distribution of solutes in different fluid components

Question 19

ECF Volume

Answer 19

-regulated to help maintain blood pressure
-maintaining salt balance (long term salt volume regulation)

Question 20

ECF Osmolarity

Answer 20

-regulated to prevent swelling or shrinking of cells
-maintaining water balance
-cell volume/shape

Question 21

Salt Balance

Answer 21

-long-term ECF volume regulation
-input by ingestion
-output by urine (+perspiration and feces)

Question 22

Amount of salt excreted is regulated by:

Answer 22

1. GFR
2. Tubular reabsorption

Question 23

Baroreceptor Reflex

Answer 23

-alters cardiac output and TPR
-extrinsic control; SNS on afferent arteriole

Question 24

Isotonic

Answer 24

-fluid outside cell has same osmolarity as inside

Question 25

Hypertonic

Answer 25

-fluid outside cell has a higher osmolarity than inside

Question 26

Hypotonic

Answer 26

-fluid outside cell has lower osmolarity than inside

Question 27

Which ions are responsible for ECF osmotic activity?

Answer 27

-sodium and its anions

Question 28

Which ions are responsible for ICF osmotic activity?

Answer 28

-potassium and its anions

Question 29

ECF Free water DEFICIT

Answer 29

-osmolarity becomes hypertonic -associated with dehydration -cells tend to shrink

Question 30

Hypertonicity Causes

Answer 30

-insufficient water intake -excessive water loss -diabetes insipidus

Question 31

Hypertonicity Symptoms and Effects

Answer 31

-shrinking of brain neurons (confusion, irritability, delirium, convulsions, coma) -circulatory disturbances (low plasma volume, low BP, circulatory shock) -dry skin -shrunken eyeballs -dry tongue

Question 32

ECF Free water EXCESS

Answer 32

-osmolarity becomes hypotonic -associated with over hydration -cells tend to swell

Question 33

Hypotonicity Causes

Answer 33

-renal failure patients who cannot excrete dilute urine when they consume more water than solutes -when rapid water is ingested and kidneys don't respond quick enough -excess water is retained due to inappropriate vasopressin secretion

Question 34

Hypotonicity Symptoms and Effects

Answer 34

-swelling of brain cells -muscle weakness -circulatory disturbances (hypertension and edema) -water intoxication

Question 35

Water Input

Answer 35

-drinking liquids -eating solid foods -metabolically produced water

Question 36

Water Output

Answer 36

-insensible loss (lungs, non-sweating skin) -sensible loss (sweating, feces, urine)

Question 37

In order to maintain stable water balance water input must ________ water output.

Answer 37

equal

Question 38

The majority of water output comes from_____.

Answer 38

Urine

Question 39

Where is water excretion controlled?

Answer 39

-collecting ducts -tubules of nephron

Question 40

Vasopressin

Answer 40

-produced by hypothalamus -stored and released from posterior pituitary (hypothalamus controls)

Question 41

Hypothalamic Osmoreceptors

Answer 41

-located near vasopressin-secreting cells and thirst centre

Question 42

Osmolarity Increase

Answer 42

-increased vasopressin secretion -thirst stimulated

Question 43

Osmolarity Decrease

Answer 43

-decreased vasopressin secretion -thirst suppressed

Question 44

Left Atrial Volume Receptors

Answer 44

-monitor BP -upon detection of reduction: stimulate vasopressin and thirst -upon detection of elevation: vasopressin and thirst inhibited

Question 45

Angiotensin II

Answer 45

-stimulates vasopressin secretion and thirst when RAAS is activated -used to conserve Na+