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HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II > Chapter 15 - Fluid Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Fluid Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Internal Pool

A

-the quantity of any particular substance in the ECF

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2
Q

How to increase the internal pool (input)?

A

-transferring more in from the external environment (ingesting it)
-metabolically producing it

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3
Q

How to decrease the internal pool (output)?

A

-excreting it to the outside
-metabolic consumption

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4
Q

Input must be balanced by an equal _____.

A

-output (balance concept)

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5
Q

Positive Balance

A

-exists when input exceeds output

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6
Q

Negative Balance

A

-exists when output exceeds input

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7
Q

Input

A

-poorly controlled or not controlled
-eating habits are variable
-involves the input of substances into the plasma

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8
Q

Output

A

-compensatory adjustments
-occur by urinary excretion

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9
Q

Body fluid is __% extracellular

A

33 (1/3)

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10
Q

Body fluid is __% intracellular.

A

67 (2/3)

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11
Q

Extracellular fluid is __% interstitial fluid.

A

75

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12
Q

Extracellular fluid is __% plasma.

A

25

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13
Q

Water is __% of body weight.

A

60

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14
Q

Lymph

A

-a minor ECF component
-the fluid being returned from the interstitial fluid to the plasma

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15
Q

Transcellular Fluid

A

-CSF
-intraocular fluid
-synovial fluid
-pericardial, intrapleural, peritoneal fluids
-digestive juices
-don’t usually reflect changes in the body’s fluid balance

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16
Q

Cellular Plasma Membranes

A

-the barrier between the ECF and ICF
-ICF has proteins that cannot permeate cell membrane
-Na+K+ are unequally distributed

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17
Q

Blood Vessel Walls

A

-the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid
-the fluid is near identical (minus plasma proteins in ISF)

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18
Q

Chemical Disequilibrium

A

-concept of having an unequal distribution of solutes in different fluid components

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19
Q

ECF Volume

A

-regulated to help maintain blood pressure
-maintaining salt balance (long term salt volume regulation)

20
Q

ECF Osmolarity

A

-regulated to prevent swelling or shrinking of cells
-maintaining water balance
-cell volume/shape

21
Q

Salt Balance

A

-long-term ECF volume regulation
-input by ingestion
-output by urine (+perspiration and feces)

22
Q

Amount of salt excreted is regulated by:

A
  1. GFR
  2. Tubular reabsorption
23
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

-alters cardiac output and TPR
-extrinsic control; SNS on afferent arteriole

24
Q

Isotonic

A

-fluid outside cell has same osmolarity as inside

25
Q

Hypertonic

A

-fluid outside cell has a higher osmolarity than inside

26
Q

Hypotonic

A

-fluid outside cell has lower osmolarity than inside

27
Q

Which ions are responsible for ECF osmotic activity?

A

-sodium and its anions

28
Q

Which ions are responsible for ICF osmotic activity?

A

-potassium and its anions

29
Q

ECF Free water DEFICIT

A

-osmolarity becomes hypertonic
-associated with dehydration
-cells tend to shrink

30
Q

Hypertonicity Causes

A

-insufficient water intake
-excessive water loss
-diabetes insipidus

31
Q

Hypertonicity Symptoms and Effects

A

-shrinking of brain neurons (confusion, irritability, delirium, convulsions, coma)
-circulatory disturbances (low plasma volume, low BP, circulatory shock)
-dry skin
-shrunken eyeballs
-dry tongue

32
Q

ECF Free water EXCESS

A

-osmolarity becomes hypotonic
-associated with over hydration
-cells tend to swell

33
Q

Hypotonicity Causes

A

-renal failure patients who cannot excrete dilute urine when they consume more water than solutes
-when rapid water is ingested and kidneys don’t respond quick enough
-excess water is retained due to inappropriate vasopressin secretion

34
Q

Hypotonicity Symptoms and Effects

A

-swelling of brain cells
-muscle weakness
-circulatory disturbances (hypertension and edema)
-water intoxication

35
Q

Water Input

A

-drinking liquids
-eating solid foods
-metabolically produced water

36
Q

Water Output

A

-insensible loss (lungs, non-sweating skin)
-sensible loss (sweating, feces, urine)

37
Q

In order to maintain stable water balance water input must ________ water output.

A

equal

38
Q

The majority of water output comes from_____.

A

Urine

39
Q

Where is water excretion controlled?

A

-collecting ducts
-tubules of nephron

40
Q

Vasopressin

A

-produced by hypothalamus
-stored and released from posterior pituitary (hypothalamus controls)

41
Q

Hypothalamic Osmoreceptors

A

-located near vasopressin-secreting cells and thirst centre

42
Q

Osmolarity Increase

A

-increased vasopressin secretion
-thirst stimulated

43
Q

Osmolarity Decrease

A

-decreased vasopressin secretion
-thirst suppressed

44
Q

Left Atrial Volume Receptors

A

-monitor BP
-upon detection of reduction: stimulate vasopressin and thirst
-upon detection of elevation: vasopressin and thirst inhibited

45
Q

Angiotensin II

A

-stimulates vasopressin secretion and thirst when RAAS is activated
-used to conserve Na+

HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II (11 decks)

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