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HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II > Chapter 14 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Functions

A

-maintaining stable ECF volume
-electrolyte composition
-osmolarity
-waste elimination
-H₂O balance
-plasma volume
-acid-base balance
-erythropoietin and renin production
-converting vitamin D to active form

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2
Q

Osmolarity Maintenance

A

-solute concentration
-through regulating H₂O balance
-prevents osmotic fluxes that could cause shrinking or swelling of cells

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3
Q

Plasma Volume Maintenance

A

-long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure
-through NaCl and H₂O balance

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4
Q

Erythropoietin

A

-hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

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5
Q

Renin

A

-enzymatic hormone
-triggers a chain reaction important in salt conservation

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6
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

-where formed urine drains
-in the medial inner core of each kidney

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7
Q

Ureters

A

-smooth muscle walls
-exits kidney at medial border
-carry urine to the bladder

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8
Q

Urethra in Females is _____ and _______.

A

straight; short

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9
Q

Urethra in Males

A

-longer and curving
-2 functions a) urine elimination b) semen passageway

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10
Q

Nephron

A

-functional unit of the kidney
~1 million nephrons/kidney
-regulate water and solute
-2 components: a) vascular b) tubular

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11
Q

Renal Cortex

A

-located in the outer region of the nephron
-granular appearance

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12
Q

Renal Medulla

A

-inner region of the nephron
-made of renal pyramids (striated triangles)

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13
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

-intersection of the afferent and efferent arterioles and the distal convoluted tubule
-the DCT passes between the arterioles

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14
Q

Vascular Component

A

-glomerulus is the dominant part

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15
Q

Glomerulus

A

-a tuft of capillaries
-filters protein-free plasma into the tubular component

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16
Q

Path of Blood

A

-renal artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, venules, renal vein

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17
Q

Peritubular Capillaries

A

-surround the tubular part
-supply the renal tissue
-exchange fluid with tubular lumen

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18
Q

_____ arterioles are the only in the body to drain from capillaries?

A

efferent

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19
Q

Tubular Component

A

-hollow, fluid-filled tube
-single layer of epithelial cells
-begins at the glomerulus and ends at the renal pelvis

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20
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

-part of the tubular component
-collect the glomerular filtrate
-double walled

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21
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

-part of the tubular component
-lies entirely in the cortex
-coiled
-uncontrolled reabsorption and secretion

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22
Q

Loop of Henle

A

-part of the tubular component
-U-shaped that dips into the medulla
-ascending (NaCl) and descending (H2O) limbs
-establishes and osmotic gradient
-controls urine concentration

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23
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

-vascular AND tubular component
-produces substances in controlling kidney function

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24
Q

Distal Tubule

A

-lies in cortex
-controlled reabsorption (Na+ and H₂O) and secretion (K+ and H+)

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25
Q

Collecting Duct

A

-where distal tubule empties
-brings urine to renal pelvis

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26
Q

Cortical Nephrons

A

-glomeruli lie in the outer cortex layer
-80% of nephrons

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27
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A

-glomeruli lie in the inner cortex layer
-long looped nephron
-establishes osmotic gradient
-most of urine concentration

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28
Q

Vasa Recta

A

-part of juxtamedullary nephrons
-long vascular loops

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29
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

-180L/day
-1st step in urine formation
-protein-free fluid passes through 3 layers of the glomerular membrane

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30
Q

The 3 Glomerular Layers

A
  1. Glomerular capillary wall: more permeable to water and solutes than anywhere in the body
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Inner Bowman’s Capsule layer
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31
Q

The glomerular capillary wall is made of __________ capillary

A

fenestrated

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32
Q

The inner Bowman’s capsule layers consists of ______ that encircle the glomerulus

A

podocytes

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33
Q

Podocytes

A

-role in glomerular filtration
-terminate in foot processes
-surround basement membrane

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34
Q

Filtration Slits

A

-clefts between the foot processes
-where filtrate enters the Bowman’s capsule

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35
Q

Glomerular filtration is a ________ process where ________ ________ force fluids and solute through a membrane.

A

passive; hydrostatic pressures

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36
Q

Filtration Membrane

A

-has a large surface area
-is very permeable to water and solutes

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37
Q

Glomerular pressures is ______ vs other capillaries.

A

-higher
-180L/day vs 20L/day (all other capillary beds combined)

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38
Q

Glomerular Filtration: Forces

A

-recall bulk flow
-3 physical forces involved

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39
Q

Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure

A

-outward direction
-55 mmHg
-afferent vs efferent resistance
-filtration along entire capillary length
-favours filtration

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40
Q

Plasma-colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

-inward direction
-30 mmHg
-high due to more water being filtered
-opposes filtration
-caused by unequal distribution of plasma proteins across the membrane

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41
Q

Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

A

-into the outside
-15 mmHg
-opposes filtration
-pressure exerted by fluid in initial part of tubule
-pushes fluid out of Bowman’s capsule

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42
Q

Net Filtration Pressure Equation

A

-glomerular capillary bp - (plasma-colloid osmotic + Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic) = net pressure
-favours filtration
-55-(30+15)=10mmHg

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43
Q

Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure

A

-the fluid pressure exerted by blood in glomerular capillaries
-depends on: resistance to flow by afferent and efferent arterioles

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44
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

-depends on net filtration pressure, surface area, permeability

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45
Q

Unregulated GFR Influences

A

-pathological changes in plasma-colloid osmotic pressure and Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

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46
Q

Changes in Plasma-colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

-affect GFR
-due to: a) severely burned patient (↑GFR) b) diarrhea (↓GFR)

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47
Q

Changes in Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

A

-affect GFR
-due to obstruction (ie. kidney stone)

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48
Q

Controlled GFR Influences

A

-glomerular capillary bp adjusted to suit body needs

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49
Q

Autoregulation

A

-prevent spontaneous GFR changes
-kidneys maintain a constant blood flow despite driving changes in BP
-done by adjusting resistance to flow
-a myogenic mechanism
-TGF

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50
Q

Myogenic Mechanism

A

-used in autoregulation
-property of vascular smooth muscle
-contraction in response to stretch (increased pressure)

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51
Q

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

A

-used in autoregulation
-involves the Juxtaglomeruluar apparatus
-granular cells and macula densa which release ATP to induce vasoconstriciton (vv.)

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52
Q

Macula Dense

A

-detects changes in salt levels of fluid flowing past and stimulates release of ATP
-ATP degrades to adenosine and constricts the afferent arteriole
-this will decrease blood flow and hence GFR

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53
Q

Extrinsic Sympathetic Control

A

-long term BP regulation
-sympathetic input to afferent arterioles
-override autoregulation

54
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

-responds to a fall or rise in BP to sympathetically vasoconstrict or vasodilate
-affects heart and blood vessels (renal too!)

55
Q

Vasoconstriction______ blood flow to the glomerulus and ______ GFR

A

decreases, reduces

56
Q

Vasodilation______ blood flow to the glomerulus and ______ GFR

A

increases, increases

57
Q

Will natural BP increases/decreases affect GFR?

A

-No
-ie. exercise
-this prevents the needless loss of water and solutes

58
Q

Kidneys receive ___-___% of cardiac output

A

20 to 25

59
Q

Blood flows through the kidneys at about _L/min

A

1

60
Q

___% of plasma leaves the glomerulus not filtered

A

80

61
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

-178.5L/day
-the transfer of substances from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries
-a highly selective and variable process
-must cross 5 barriers

62
Q

____% of water is reabsorbed and ____% is excreted

A

99; 1

63
Q

____% of sodium is reabsorbed and ____% is excreted

A

99.5; 0.5

64
Q

____% of glucose is reabsorbed and ____% is excreted

A

100; 0

65
Q

____% of urea is reabsorbed and ____% is excreted

A

50; 50

66
Q

____% of phenol is reabsorbed and ____% is excreted

A

0; 100

67
Q

Path in Transepithelial Transport

A

luminal cell membrane, cytosol, basolateral cell membrane, interstitial fluid, capillary wall

68
Q

Passive Reabsorption

A

-no energy is required
-substances move down the electrochemical/osmotic gradient

69
Q

Active Reabsorption

A

-occurs if any of the substances being transported requires energy
-movement against the electrochemical gradient

70
Q

What % of Na+ is absorbed at the proximal tubule?

A

67%

71
Q

What is the role of Na+ reabsorption at the proximal tubule?

A

-reabsorbing glucose, amino acids, H2O, Cl-, urea

72
Q

What % of Na+ is absorbed at the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

25%

73
Q

What is the role of Na+ reabsorption at the ascending loop of henle?

A

-kidney’s ability to produce urine of varying concentrations

74
Q

What % of Na+ is absorbed at the distal and collecting tubules?

A

8%

75
Q

What is the role of Na+ reabsorption at the distal and collecting tubules?

A

-variable
-subject to hormonal control
-regulating ECF volume

76
Q

Na+ K+ ATPase Pump

A

-located on basolateral membrane
-essential for Na+ reabsorption

77
Q

What % of total energy is spent by kidneys for Na+ transport?

A

80%

78
Q

Water + Sodium = BFFs

A

-water follows reabsorbed sodium
-follows by osmosis
-main effects: a) ECF water volume b) blood volume c) blood pressure

79
Q

Na+ reabsorption is almost always _____ transport

A

active

80
Q

Co-Transporters

A

-move glucose, amino acids, Cl-
-generated by the electrochemical gradient
-coupled passive entrance as a result of active Na+ pumping

81
Q

Fine-tuning of Na+ reabsorption is carried out in the _______ ________.

A

distal tubule

82
Q

Too much body Na+, _____ is reabsorbed and hence ______ is excreted in urine.

A

less; more

83
Q

Too little body Na+, _____ is reabsorbed and hence ______ is excreted in urine.

A

more; less

84
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System (RAAS)

A

-important for fine-tuning of Na+ regulation

85
Q

Granular Cells and Na+ Reabsorption

A

-detect sodium load, change in pressure, volume
-lead to release of the Renin hormone

86
Q

Renin coverts angiontensinogen (inactive) into ________________.

A

angiotension I

87
Q

Angiotension I is converted to angiotension II (active) by _________-__________ enzyme.

A

angiotensin-converting

88
Q

Angiotension II stimulates the secretion of ___________.

A

aldosterone (released by adrenal cortex)

89
Q

Aldosterone Action

A

-acts of kidneys, DCT and collecting ducts
-this will increase Na+ reabsorption (Cl- follows)
-H2O is conserved
-ECF volume and arterial BP decrease

90
Q

Increased Na+ reabsorption promotes _______ retention.

A

-water

91
Q

The RAAS acts as a +/- feedback system.

A

negative feedback loop

92
Q

Functions of the RAAS

A

-water retention
-constricting systemic arterioles
-stimulates thirst
-vasopressin secretion

93
Q

Where does aldosterone act?

A

-on the last portion of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

94
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

-increase apical Na channels
-increases Na+/K+ ATPase pumps

95
Q

Aldosterone Negative Feedback Loop

A

low ECF volume or low BP, more renin, more aldosterone, more Na reabsorption, increased ECF volume

96
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

-inhibits Na+ reabsorption
-opposes aldosterone
-decreases Na+ reabsorption
-decreases RAAS action

97
Q

ANP Secretion

A

-secreted by atria in response to: a) being stretched (Na+ retention increased blood volume) b) expansion of ECF volume c) increased arterial pressure

98
Q

Glucose and Amino Acid Reabsorption

A

-done by sodium dependent secondary active transport

99
Q

Water Reabsorption

A

-80% is uncontrolled: 65% by proximal tubule 15% by loop of henle
-20% is controlled by vasopressin

100
Q

ADH/Vasopressin

A

-Anti Diuretic Hormone
-regulates water reabsorption
-produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary
-acts on distal tubule and collecting duct

101
Q

Aquaporine

A

-water channels

102
Q

How is bulk flow enhanced?

A

increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure of peritubular capillaries

103
Q

Regulated Water Reabsorption

A

-in distal portion of the nephron

104
Q

Waste Products

A

-increase in concentration as water is reabsorbed
-cannot permeate tubular wall are are excreted in urine

105
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

-the transfer of substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen
-tubules can selectively add some substances to filtrate

106
Q

H+ Secretory Systen

A

-regulates acid-base balance

107
Q

Where is H+ secreted?

A

-proximal, distal, collecting tubules

108
Q

K+ Secretory System

A

-maintain normal membrane excitability in muscles and nerves
-K+ moves from capillaries to interstitial fluid

109
Q

All filtered __ is reabsorbed

A

K+

110
Q

Where is K+ secreted?

A

-only in distal and collecting tubules
-under control of aldosterone

111
Q

Organic Ion Secretory System

A

-more efficient elimination of foreign organic compunds

112
Q

Where are organic ions secreted?

A

-only in the proximal tubule

113
Q

If on the basolatereral membrane, K+ is__________.

A

-recycled
-proximal tubule and loop of henle

114
Q

If on the luminal membrane, K+ is ________.

A

-secreted
-distal portions

115
Q

K+ Deficiency

A

-may be caused by aldosterone pathway activated by Na+

116
Q

Isotonic

A

-the inside and outside are equal

117
Q

If the concentration in the ECF is greater than in the cells: ECF __________

A

hypertonic
-water deficit

118
Q

If the concentration in the ECF is less than in the cells: ECF __________

A

Hypotonic
-too much water in the ECF

119
Q

Vertical Osmotic Gradient

A

-established in the interstitial fluid of the medulla
-the gradient exists between the tubular lumen and the surrounding interstitial fluid
-the gradient starts in the cortex (300) and increases as it moves into the medulla (1200)

120
Q

Countercurrent Multiplication

A

-established the vertical osmotic gradient
-fluid in one tube flows the opposite way in the adjoining tube

121
Q

Which limb of the loop of henle is permeable to H2O?

A

-the descending limb

122
Q

Which limb of the loop of henle is used for NaCl reabsorption?

A

-the ascending limb (it is impermeable to water)

123
Q

Water reabsorption is ________ in the distal tubule and collecting duct

A

variable, based on the secretion of ADH

124
Q

Action of Vasopressin

A
  1. ADH binds with receptor sites on basolateral membrane
  2. cAMP second messenger system activated
  3. cAMP increases membrane permeability to H2O, water channels are inserted into the membrane
  4. water enters through the water channel
125
Q

Dehydration

A

-small volume of concentrated urine excreted
-reabsorbed H2O picked up by peritubular capillaries and conserved for the body
-vasopressin secretion increases

126
Q

Water Excess

A

-large volume of dilute urine
-no H2O reabsorbed
-excess H2O eliminated
-vasopressin secretion decreases

127
Q

Diuresis

A

-increased urine production

128
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

-sweet pee
-glucose in urine
-the filtered load exceeds reabsorption capacity

129
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

-ADH deficiency
-produce 25-30L of urine per day
-always drinking water

130
Q

Internal Urethral Sphincter

A

-smooth muscle (parasympathetic)
-relaxed bladder causes closure

131
Q

External Urethral Sphincter

A

-skeletal muscle
-under voluntary control

HLSC 128 - Human Physiology II (11 decks)

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