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psych 101 > chapter 12 key terms > Flashcards

chapter 12 key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is actor-observer bias?

A

Phenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviors as due to internal factors and our own behaviors as due to situational forces.

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2
Q

Define ageism.

A

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age.

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3
Q

What is aggression?

A

Seeking to cause harm or pain to another person.

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4
Q

What does altruism refer to?

A

Humans’ desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping.

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5
Q

What is the Asch effect?

A

Group majority influences an individual’s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate.

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6
Q

Define attitude.

A

Evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

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7
Q

What is attribution?

A

Explanation for the behavior of other people.

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8
Q

What is bullying?

A

A person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time.

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9
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

Situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress.

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10
Q

Define central route persuasion.

A

Logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness.

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11
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception.

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12
Q

What defines a collectivist culture?

A

Culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community.

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13
Q

What characterizes companionate love?

A

Type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships.

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14
Q

What is a confederate in research?

A

Person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design.

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15
Q

Define confirmation bias.

A

Seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes.

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16
Q

What is conformity?

A

When individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group.

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17
Q

What is consummate love?

A

Type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present.

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18
Q

What is cyberbullying?

A

Repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online.

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19
Q

Define diffusion of responsibility.

A

Tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group.

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20
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group.

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21
Q

What is dispositionism?

A

Perspective common to personality psychologists, asserting that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament.

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22
Q

Define empathy.

A

Capacity to understand another person’s perspective—to feel what they feel.

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23
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A

Persuasion of one person by another, encouraging a small favor or purchase, only to later request a larger favor or purchase.

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24
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

Tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation.

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25
What is group polarization?
Strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group.
26
Define groupthink.
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
27
What is homophily?
Tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar.
28
What is homophobia?
Prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation.
29
What is hostile aggression?
Aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain.
30
Define in-group.
Group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
31
What is in-group bias?
Preference for our own group over other groups.
32
What characterizes an individualistic culture?
Culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy.
33
What is informational social influence?
Conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information.
34
Define instrumental aggression.
Aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.
35
What is an internal factor?
Internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament.
36
What is the just-world hypothesis?
Ideology that people get the outcomes they deserve.
37
What is justification of effort?
Theory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into them.
38
Define normative social influence.
Conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group.
39
What is obedience?
Change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences.
40
What is an out-group?
Group that we don’t belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us.
41
Define peripheral route persuasion.
Indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message.
42
What is persuasion?
Process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication.
43
What does prejudice refer to?
Negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group.
44
What is prosocial behavior?
Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people.
45
Define racism.
Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race.
46
What is reciprocity in relationships?
Give and take in relationships.
47
What characterizes romantic love?
Type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment.
48
What is scapegoating?
Act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.
49
What is a script?
Person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting.
50
What is self-disclosure?
Sharing personal information in relationships.
51
Define self-fulfilling prophecy.
Treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations, influencing them to act according to our stereotypic beliefs.
52
What is self-serving bias?
Tendency for individuals to take credit for positive outcomes and blame negative outcomes on situational factors.
53
Define sexism.
Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex.
54
What is situationism?
Perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings.
55
What is social exchange theory?
Humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of relationships.
56
What is social loafing?
Exertion of less effort by a person in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group.
57
Define social norm.
Group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members.
58
What is social psychology?
Field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, focusing on the power of the situation.
59
What is a social role?
Socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group.
60
What was the Stanford prison experiment?
Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
61
Define stereotype.
Specific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
62
What is the triangular theory of love?
Model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

psych 101 (9 decks)

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