Chapter 12 Key Terms

Question 1

Acoustic Code

Answer 1

The transformation of visual experiences into an auditory message

Question 2

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 2

Inability to recall
events that occur after some disturbance to
the brain

Question 3

Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 Stage Model

Answer 3

The view that an experience is sequentially stored in the sensory register, short-term store, and long- term store

Question 4

Basal Ganglia

Answer 4

The central nervous system structure involved in the storage and retrieval of procedural memories

Question 5

Central Executive

Answer 5

The process that coordinates rehearsal systems and retrieves memory from and transfers information to permanent memory

Question 6

Chunking

Answer 6

The combining of several units of information into a single unit

Question 7

Clustering

Answer 7

The recall of information in specific categories

Question 8

Coding

Answer 8

The transformation of an experience into a totally new form

Question 9

Cued Recall

Answer 9

A memory task that provides a stimulus that is part of the learned experience

Question 10

Declarative Memory

Answer 10

Factual memory, or the memory of specific events

Question 11

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 11

The organization of experiences while information is maintained in the short-term store

Question 12

Episodic Buffer

Answer 12

The system that binds
visual and verbal information in the longterm store and retrieves information from
the short term.

Question 13

Episodic Memory

Answer 13

The memory of temporally related events, or the time and place of an experience

Question 14

Explicit Measures of Memory

Answer 14

Observable measures of the strength of a memory

Question 15

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 15

A vivid, detailed, and long-lasting memory of a very intense experience

Question 16

Free Recall

Answer 16

A memory task that requires recall with no cues available

Question 17

Haptic Memory

Answer 17

Sensory memory for a tactile experience

Question 18

Hierarchical Approach

Answer 18

The theory that semantic memory consists of hierarchical networks of interconnected concept nodes

Question 19

Icon

Answer 19

The visual copy of an event contained in the sensory register

Question 20

Iconic Memory

Answer 20

The visual memory of an event stored in the sensory register

Question 21

Implicit Measures of Memory

Answer 21

Measures that provide an indirect assessment of the strength of a memory

Question 22

Interference

Answer 22

An inability to recall a specific memory due to the presence of other memories

Question 23

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 23

The mere repetition of information in the short-term store

Question 24

Medial Temporal Lobe

Answer 24

A central nervous system structure, containing the hippocampus and surrounding cortical areas, that is involved in the storage and retrieval of experiences

Question 25

Mediodorsal Thalamus

Answer 25

A central nervous system structure involved in the storage of experiences

Question 26

Memory Attributes

Answer 26

Salient aspects of an event whose presence can lead to retrieval of the past event

Question 27

Long-Term Store

Answer 27

The site of permanent memory storage

Question 28

Parallel Distributed Processing Model

Answer 28

The theory that semantic memory is composed of a series of interconnected associative networks and that semantic knowledge arises from specific patterns of neural activity

Question 29

Partial Report Technique

Answer 29

Sperling’s procedure requiring subjects to report one of three lines of a visual array shortly after the visual array ended

Question 30

Phonological Loop

Answer 30

A rehearsal system that holds and analyzes verbal information

Question 31

Priming

Answer 31

The facilitation of recall of specific information following exposure to closely related information

Question 32

Procedural Memory

Answer 32

A skill memory or the memory of a highly practiced behavior

Question 33

Rehearsal

Answer 33

The repetition of an event that keeps the memory of that event in the short-term store

Question 34

Rehearsal Systems Approach

Answer 34

The view that information is retained in the several sensory registers for analysis by working memory

Question 35

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 35

The inability to recall events that occurred prior to a traumatic event

Question 36

Semantic Memory

Answer 36

The memory of knowledge concerning the use of language and the rules for the solution of problems or acquisition of concepts

Question 37

Sensory Register

Answer 37

The initial storage of memory for a very brief time as an exact duplicate of the event.

Question 38

Serial Position Effect

Answer 38

The faster learning and greater recall of items at the beginning and end of a list rather than at the middle of the list

Question 39

Short-Term Store

Answer 39

A temporary storage facility where information is modified to create a more meaningful experience

Question 40

Spreading Activation Theory

Answer 40

The view that semantic memory is organized in terms of associations between concepts and properties of concepts

Question 41

Visual Code

Answer 41

The transformation of a word into an image

Question 42

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 42

A rehearsal system that holds and analyzes visual and spatial information

Question 43

Whole Report Technique

Answer 43

Sperling’s procedure requiring subjects to report all three lines of visual array shortly after the visual array ended

Question 44

Working Memory

Answer 44

Information being actively processed by rehearsal systems