Chapter 12 Review

Question 1

The Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model proposes that

Answer 1

Memory is stored in 3 successive stages.

Question 2

The sensory register is the

Answer 2

First stage of memory

Question 3

A visual copy contained in the sensory store is referred to as an icon

Answer 3

An auditory experience in the sensory store is called an echo.

Question 4

Echoes last longer than icons because while a visual experience conveys all the information needed to detect salient characteristics

Answer 4

Recognition of an auditory event requires that individual sounds be retained in the sensory store until the whole event is detected.

Question 5

Sensory memories also exist for

Answer 5

tactile, oldfactory, and gustatory experiences.

Question 6

Information in the sensory register decays rapidly

Answer 6

and is lost unless it is transferred to the short-term store.

Question 7

Information remains in the short-term store for approximately 15 to 20 seconds

Answer 7

and during this time and event is analyzed and organized to create a more meaningful memory.

Question 8

The short-term store is thought to have a limited storage capacity

Answer 8

It can retain 3-4 units of information at one time.

Question 9

Chunking combines bits of information and

Answer 9

Is recalled in categories of chinked material.

Question 10

Coding transfers a visual experience into an acoustic code and

Answer 10

Words or ideas into an image or visual code.

Question 11

Another organizational function of the short-term store is

Answer 11

The association of events.

Question 12

The hierarchical approach assumes that

Answer 12

semantic memory consists of hierarchical networks of interconnected concept nodes.

Question 13

Spreading activation theory assumes that semantic memory is organized in terms of

Answer 13

Associations between concepts and the properties of concepts.

Question 14

The parallel distributed model assumes that

Answer 14

Semantic memory is composed of specific patterns of neural activity.

Question 15

The short-term store can rehearse or replay prior experiences, which can help retain information in the short-term store for a longer period (maintenance rehearsal)

Answer 15

and can enhance recall by making the memory more meaningful (elaborative rehearsal)

Question 16

Baddeley’s rehearsal systems approach argues that

Answer 16

Information is retained in several sensory registers for the working memory to analyze.

Question 17

Rehearsal systems hold information in the working memory so

Answer 17

That it can be processed into the more organized memory.

Question 18

The phonological loop retains verbal information

Answer 18

and the visuospatial sketchpad maintains visual or spatial experiences in working memory.

Question 19

The central executive places information into a rehearsal system, transfers information among rehearsal systems and

Answer 19

Between permanent memory and rehearsal systems, and retrieves information from any rehearsal systems.

Question 20

The episodic buffer

Answer 20

Binds together events to form integrated episodes.

Question 21

The prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and mediodorsal thalamus

Answer 21

Play a significant role in the storage of experiences by working memory.

Question 22

Experience increases the connectivity between the hippocampus and the

Answer 22

Prefrontal cortex and enhances the efficacy of working memory.

Question 23

The long-term store is the

Answer 23

Site of permanent memory.

Question 24

An episodic memory is easy to store but difficult to retrieve

Answer 24

In contrast, a semantic memory is difficult to store but easy to retrieve.

Question 25

Procedural memories contain information about the performance of specific skills

Answer 25

While declarative memories contain knowledge about the environment.

Question 26

Experiences increases synaptic responsiveness of existing neural connection

Answer 26

as well the establishment of new connections between neurons.

Question 27

Damage to the medial temporal lobe causes anterograde amnesia

Answer 27

Or an inability to recall events subsequent to the damage.

Question 28

A broad neural network involving the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus and surrounding neural tissue as well as parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes

Answer 28

is involved in the storage and retrieval of episodic and semantic memory that are involved in cognitive tasks.

Question 29

The basal ganglia plays an important role in the

Answer 29

Storage and retrieval of procedural memory.