Chapter 5 Key Terms

Question 1

Behavior Modification

Answer 1

Techniques for changing behavior that rely on Pavlovian conditioning or instrumental or operant conditioning

Question 2

Compound Schedule

Answer 2

A complex contingency where two or more schedules of reinforcement are combined

Question 3

Contingency

Answer 3

The specific relationship between a specific behavior and reinforcement

Question 4

Contingency Management

Answer 4

The use of a contingent reinforcement and nonreinforcement to increase the frequency of appropriate behavior and eliminate inappropriate behaviors

Question 5

Depression Effect

Answer 5

The effect in which a shift from high to low reward magnitude produces a lower level of response than if the reward magnitude had always been low

Question 6

Differential Reinforcement of high responding (DRH) schedule

Answer 6

A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific high number of responses must occur within a specified time in order for reinforcement to occur

Question 7

Differential Reinforcement of low responding (DRL) schedule​

Answer 7

A schedule of reinforcement in which a certain amount of time must elapse without responding, with reinforcement following the first response after the interval

Question 8

Differential Reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedule

Answer 8

A schedule of reinforcement in which the absence of a specific response within a specified time leads to reinforcement

Question 9

Differential Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 9

A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of behaviors must occur within a specified time in order for reinforcement to occur

Question 10

Elation Effect

Answer 10

The effect in which a shift from low to high reward magnitude produces a greater level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been high

Question 11

Extinction of an instrumental or operant response

Answer 11

When the discontinuance of reinforcement leads to the suppression of the instrumental or operant response

Question 12

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

Answer 12

A contingency in which reinforcement is available only after a specified period of time and the first response emitted after the interval has elapsed is reinforced

Question 13

Instrumental Conditioning

Answer 13

A conditioning procedure in which the environment constrains the opportunity for reward and a specific behavior can obtain reward

Question 14

Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 14

A contingency that specifies that reinforcement becomes available at a certain period of time after the last reinforcement

Question 15

Medial Amygdala

Answer 15

The section of the amygdala that produces the emotion of frustration when a goal is blocked

Question 16

Negative Contrast (or depression) effect​

Answer 16

The effect in which a shift from high to low reward magnitude produces a lower level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been low

Question 17

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 17

The termination of an aversive event, which reinforces the behavior that proceeded it​

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

When a specific response produces reinforcement and the frequency of the response determines the amount of reinforcement obtained

Question 19

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Answer 19

The greater resistance to extinction of an instrumental or operant response following intermittent rather than continuous reinforcement during acquisition

Question 20

Positive Contrast (or elation effect)

Answer 20

The effect in which a shift from a low to high reward magnitude produces a greater level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been high

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

An event whose occurrence increases the frequency of the behavior that precedes it

Question 22

PostReinforcement Pause

Answer 22

A cessation of behavior following reinforcement on a ratio schedule, which is followed by resumption of responding at the intensity characteristic of that ratio schedule

Question 23

Primary Reinforcement

Answer 23

An activity whose reinforcing properties are innate

Question 24

Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 24

A contingency that specifies that a certain number of behaviors are necessary to produce reinforcement

Question 25

Reinforcement

Answer 25

An event (or termination of an event) that increases the frequency of the operant behavior that preceded it

Question 26

Scallop Effect

Answer 26

A pattern of behavior characteristic of a fixed interval (FI) schedule, where responding stops after reinforcement and then slowly increases as the time approaches when reinforcement will be available

Question 27

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 27

A contingency that specifies how often or when to act to receive reinforcement

Question 28

Secondary Reinforcement

Answer 28

An event that has developed its reinforcing properties through its association with primary reinforcements

Question 29

Shaping (or successive approximation procedure)

Answer 29

A technique of acquiring a desired behavior by first selecting a highly occurring operant behavior, then slowly changing the contingency until the desired behavior is learned

Question 30

Token Economy

Answer 30

A contingency management program where tokens are used as secondary reinforcement for appropriate behaviors

Question 31

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

Answer 31

A contingency in which there is an average interval of time between available reinforcements, but the interval varies from one reinforcement to the next reinforcement becoming available

Question 32

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

Answer 32

A contingency in which an average number of behaviors produces reinforcement, but the actual number of responses required to produce reinforcement varies over the course of training