chapter 12 notecards Flashcards
Erikson was the first to recognize _____ as the major personality achievement of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive adult
identity
If young people’s earlier conflicts were resolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood
identity versus role confusion
changes in ____ and ____ set the stage for developing a unified _______
self concept
self esteem
personal identity
in adolesence, young people add several new dimensions of self evaluation:
close frienship
romantic appeal
job competence
for most young people, self esteem ____ and they see themselves more mature, capable, and attractive than previously
rises
researchers evaluating progress in identity development have constructed 4 identity statuses on the basis of 2 criteria from eriksons theory: _____ and _____
exploration
commitment
exploration without having reached committment
identiy mroatorium
commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration
identity achievement
commitment in the absence of exploration
identity foreclosure
an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment
identity diffusion
adolescents of both sexes typically make progress on identity concerns _____ experiencing genuine intimacy in relationships
before
adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using an active, ______ to make personal decisions and solve probelsm
information gathering cognitive e style
foreclosed individuals display a ______, _____ cognitive style, internalizing the values and beliefs of parents and others without delibrerate evaluation and they resist information that threatens their position
most fear rejecteion by people on whom they depend for affection and self esteem
dogmatic inflexible cognitive syle
Long-term diffused individuals typically use a _____cognitive style in which they avoid dealing with personal decisions and problems and, instead, allow current situational pressures to dictate their reactions
Taking an “I don’t care” attitude, they entrust themselves to luck or fate and tend to go along with the crowd
As a result they experience time management and academic difficulties and, of all young people are the most likely to use and abuse drugs
Often their apathy leads to a sense of hopelessness about the future
Least mature identity status
diffuse avoident
for minority adolescents, ______ - a sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes ad feelings associated with membership - is central to the quest for identiy
ethnic identity
distress resulting from conflict between the minority culture and the host culture
acculturative stress
exploring and adapting values from both the adolescents subculture and the dominant culture, very benefcial
bicultural identity
stories presenting a conflict between two moral values
hypotehtical moral dilemmas
kohlberg emphasized that moral ____ depends on the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not on the content of the response (whether or not to steal
maturity
permit individuals to resolve moral conflicts in more effective e ways
perspective taking
morality is externally controlled; children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences
preconventiona level
individuals regard conformity to social rules as important because they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order
conventional level
define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
post conventional or principled level
♣ Like Piaget’s cognitive stages, Kohlberg’s moral stages do not develop in a neat stepwise fashion, rather they are
loosely organized and overlapping
