chapter 8 notecards Flashcards
the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is
self concept
pre schoolers self concepts are initially very concrete
they are based on ________ (their name, physical appearance, possesions)
observable characteristics
a life story narrative that is more coherent and lasting than the isolated memories of the first few years
autobiographical memory
consists of our judgements about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements
iinclude a variety of separate self evaluations concerning how well a individual performs at different activities
self esteem
children develop self judgements such as about learning well in school and making friends, but because they cannot distinguish their desired and actual competence, they usually rate their own ability as extremely ___ and ______ task difficulty
high
underestimate
between ages 2 and 6, children make important gains in ________
first they gain in _______
second they improve in _______
finally they more often experience ______ and _____
emotional competence
emotional understanding
emotional self regulation
self conscious emotions and empathy
adjusting their emotional arousal to a more comfortable level
emotional self regulation
children can blunt emotions by
_______ (ex. covering their eyes or ear to block scary sights and sounds)
______ (ex. mommy said shell be back soon
__________ ex. deciding they don’t want to play anyway after being excluded from a game)
restricting sensory input
talking to themselves
changing their goals
feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of their sense of self
self conscious emotions
the capacity for empathy is an important motivator of ____
or _______ - actions that benefit another person with no expected reward for the self
prosocial
altruistic behavior
for some children, empathy (feeling what another person is feeling and responding in a similar way) ____ lead to sympathy (feelings of concern or sorrow for another person)
does not
special relationships marked by attachment and common interests
friendships
according to _____, in 2-5 year olds social development follows a 3-step sequence
1st children engage in _______
-unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play
2nd is _______
in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them
3rd children develop 2 forms of true social interaction
________: children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and common on one another behaviors
______: children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make believe theme
mildren parten nonsocial activity parallel play associative play cooperative plahy
parents influence childrens peer sociability in 2 ways
_____: through attempts to influence childrens peer relations
______: through their child rearing practices and play behaviors
directly
indirectly
at first, conscience is _
_____ by adultsl, but it gradually comes to be regulated by ________
externally controlled
inner standards
psychoanalytic theory stresses the ______ of conscience development
- the role of guilt
emotional side
social learning theory focuses on how _______ is learned through _______ and ________
-reinforcing moral behaviors and punishing immoral behaviors
moral behavior
reinforcement
modeling
type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others
ex. a parent might say she’s crying because you won’t give e back doll
emphasizes the impact of the childs actions on others, it encourages empathy and sympathy
giving children reasons for changing their behavior encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make sense
induction
expressions of personal responsibility and regret
ex. I’m sorry i hurt him
can be induced by explaining that the child is harming someone and has disappointed the parent
empathy based guild
preschooelrs are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of a warm, responsive adult than those of a cold, distant adult
warmth and responsiveness
children admire and therefore tend to imitate competent, powerful models, especially older peers and adults
competence and power
when models say one thing and do another children generally choose the most lenient standard that adults demonstrate
ex. the adult frequently says its important to help others but rarely engages in helpful acts
consistency between assertions and behavior
yelling at, slapping, spanking children for misbehavior
ineffective disiciplinary tactic because it promotes only ________, not lasting changes in behavior
punishment
momentary compliancfe
involves removing children from the immediate setting until they are able to act appropriately
timeout
