chapter 8 notecards Flashcards Preview

PSY 225 > chapter 8 notecards > Flashcards

Flashcards in chapter 8 notecards Deck (49)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is

A

self concept

2
Q

pre schoolers self concepts are initially very concrete

they are based on ________ (their name, physical appearance, possesions)

A

observable characteristics

3
Q

a life story narrative that is more coherent and lasting than the isolated memories of the first few years

A

autobiographical memory

4
Q

consists of our judgements about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements
iinclude a variety of separate self evaluations concerning how well a individual performs at different activities

A

self esteem

5
Q

children develop self judgements such as about learning well in school and making friends, but because they cannot distinguish their desired and actual competence, they usually rate their own ability as extremely ___ and ______ task difficulty

A

high

underestimate

6
Q

between ages 2 and 6, children make important gains in ________
first they gain in _______
second they improve in _______
finally they more often experience ______ and _____

A

emotional competence
emotional understanding
emotional self regulation
self conscious emotions and empathy

7
Q

adjusting their emotional arousal to a more comfortable level

A

emotional self regulation

8
Q

children can blunt emotions by
_______ (ex. covering their eyes or ear to block scary sights and sounds)
______ (ex. mommy said shell be back soon
__________ ex. deciding they don’t want to play anyway after being excluded from a game)

A

restricting sensory input
talking to themselves
changing their goals

9
Q

feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of their sense of self

A

self conscious emotions

10
Q

the capacity for empathy is an important motivator of ____

or _______ - actions that benefit another person with no expected reward for the self

A

prosocial

altruistic behavior

11
Q

for some children, empathy (feeling what another person is feeling and responding in a similar way) ____ lead to sympathy (feelings of concern or sorrow for another person)

A

does not

12
Q

special relationships marked by attachment and common interests

A

friendships

13
Q

according to _____, in 2-5 year olds social development follows a 3-step sequence

1st children engage in _______
-unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play

2nd is _______
in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them

3rd children develop 2 forms of true social interaction
________: children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and common on one another behaviors
______: children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make believe theme

A
mildren parten
nonsocial activity
parallel play
associative play
cooperative plahy
14
Q

parents influence childrens peer sociability in 2 ways
_____: through attempts to influence childrens peer relations
______: through their child rearing practices and play behaviors

A

directly

indirectly

15
Q

at first, conscience is _

_____ by adultsl, but it gradually comes to be regulated by ________

A

externally controlled

inner standards

16
Q

psychoanalytic theory stresses the ______ of conscience development
- the role of guilt

A

emotional side

17
Q

social learning theory focuses on how _______ is learned through _______ and ________
-reinforcing moral behaviors and punishing immoral behaviors

A

moral behavior
reinforcement
modeling

18
Q

type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others
ex. a parent might say she’s crying because you won’t give e back doll
emphasizes the impact of the childs actions on others, it encourages empathy and sympathy
giving children reasons for changing their behavior encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make sense

A

induction

19
Q

expressions of personal responsibility and regret
ex. I’m sorry i hurt him

can be induced by explaining that the child is harming someone and has disappointed the parent

A

empathy based guild

20
Q

preschooelrs are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of a warm, responsive adult than those of a cold, distant adult

A

warmth and responsiveness

21
Q

children admire and therefore tend to imitate competent, powerful models, especially older peers and adults

A

competence and power

22
Q

when models say one thing and do another children generally choose the most lenient standard that adults demonstrate
ex. the adult frequently says its important to help others but rarely engages in helpful acts

A

consistency between assertions and behavior

23
Q

yelling at, slapping, spanking children for misbehavior

ineffective disiciplinary tactic because it promotes only ________, not lasting changes in behavior

A

punishment

momentary compliancfe

24
Q

involves removing children from the immediate setting until they are able to act appropriately

A

timeout

25
Q

when parents do decide to use punishment they can increase its effectiveness by
being _______
maintaining a ________
providing _______

A

consistent
warm parent child relationship
explanations

26
Q

preschoolers can distinguish________ from __________ and ___________

A

moral imperatives
social conventions
matters of persoal choice

27
Q

protect peoples rights and welfare (ex stealing)

A

moral imperatives

28
Q

customs determined solely by consensus (ex. table manners and politeness rituals, such as please and thank u)

A

social conventions

29
Q

choices which do not violate rights and are up to the individual (ex. hairstyle,friends)

A

matters of personal choice

30
Q

occurs when children act to fulfill a need or desire such as obtaining an object, privilege, or social reward, and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal

A

proactive aggression

31
Q

an angry defensive response to provocation a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person

A

reactive aggression

32
Q

involves physical injury or destruction of another property

A

physical aggression

33
Q

involves threats of physical aggression, name calling, or hostile teasing

A

verbal aggression

34
Q

damages another persons peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip or friendship manipulation

A

relational aggression

35
Q

although verbal aggression is _______, physical and relational aggression can be either direct or indirect

A

always direct

36
Q

starting at preschool age, girls aggression is primarily ________ and boys is more _______, they display overall rates of aggression that are much higher than the rates of girls

A

relational

variable

37
Q

any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

A

gender typing1

38
Q

a full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change

A

gender constancy

39
Q

an information processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive developmental features to explain how gender roles develop
Young children pick up gender-typed preferences and behaviors from others and organize their experiences into gender schemas, or masculine and feminine categories, that they use to interpret their world

A

gender schema theory

40
Q

tend to view the world in gender linked terms
Ex. If a little boy who is gender-schematic sees a doll, he will immediately make gender highly relevant asking himself “Should boys play with dolls?” if he answers “yes” and the toy interests him, he will approach it, explore it, and learn more about it. If he answers “no” he will respond by avoiding the “gender-inappropriate” toy

A

gender schematic children

41
Q

seldom view the world in gender linked terms
Ex. If a little boy who is gender-aschematic sees a doll, he will simply ask himself “Do I like this toy?” and responds on the basis of his interests

A

gender aschematic children

42
Q

referring to all males or females as alike

A

generic utterances

43
Q

a persons self image as relatively masculine or feminine

A

gender identity

44
Q

a substation minority, especially females, scores high on both masculine and feminine characteristics

A

androgyny

45
Q

combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child rearing climate

A

child rearing styles

46
Q

most successful approach of child rearing, involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques and appropriate autonomy granting

A

authoritative child rearing

47
Q

low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting

A

authoritarikan child rearing

48
Q

is warm and accepting but uninvolved
overindulging or inattentive
engage in little control

A

permissi ve child rearing

49
Q

combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy

A

uninvolved child rearing