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Biology 111 > Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division

A

cellular reproduction

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2
Q

Cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from formation to duplication

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3
Q

Gametes

A

eggs and sperm

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4
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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5
Q

Multicellular embryo

A

what is produced when the zygote divides

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6
Q

Why do cells divide?

A
  1. Development
  2. Growth
  3. Repair
  4. Replacement
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7
Q

Genome

A

all of the DNA in a cell

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8
Q

How many chromosomes are in most human cells?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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9
Q

DNA + Histones = ?

A

Chromatin

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10
Q

Sister chromatids

A

identical DNA strands in a duplicated chromosome

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11
Q

Centromere

A

Where sister chromatids are joined

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12
Q

M phase

A

cell division

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13
Q

Interphase

A

Gap phases and synthesis phase

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14
Q

What is the goal of mitosis?

A

To produce clones; to have two identical cells

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15
Q

S phase

A

DNA is duplicated before mitosis begins

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16
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

microtubules align and separate sister chromatids

17
Q

What are the five phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase (and cytokinesis)
18
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin condensation

- Mitotic spindle pushes centrosomes to opposite poles

19
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down

- Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes

20
Q

Metaphase

A

Duplicated chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

21
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres divide, sister chromatids separate

- Chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles

22
Q

Telophase

A
  • Spindle microtubules push to elongate the cell
  • Nuclear envelope forms around the separated chromosomes
  • Chromatin begins to decondense
23
Q

Cytokinesis

A

pinches the cytoplasm in half in animal cells

24
Q

Cleavage

A

cytokinesis in animal cells

25
Q

Contractile ring

A

Actin and Myosin

26
Q

Plants have no cleavage. Instead…

A

A cell plate forms between separated chromosomes

27
Q

Binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division

28
Q

Cell Cycle

A

coordinates all phases of a cell’s life

29
Q

Checkpoints

A

monitor cell health before next phase of cycle

30
Q

Contact inhibition

A

when cells touch their neighbors, they stop dividing

31
Q

Tumor cells lack…

A

contact inhibition

32
Q

Tumor

A

cell mass that grows from a single cell

33
Q

Benign tumor

A

stays in place; does not impair normal tissue function

34
Q

Malignant tumor

A

invades tissues and impairs their function

35
Q

Metastasis

A

the spread of malignant tumor cells throughout the body

Biology 111 (9 decks)

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