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Bio 30 > Chapter 12: Unit 4? > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Unit 4? Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

nerves that detect stimulis and sends it away to the system

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2
Q

sensation vs perception

A

sensation = what we feel which gets sent to the brain

perception = how we interpret it, which is figured out by the brain

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3
Q

sensory adaptation

A
  • filters out the brain and gets rid of useless information
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4
Q

what is photoreceptor

A

receptors that detect light and color
- rods and cones

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5
Q

chemoreceptors

A

receptors that detect chemical stimulis
ex) taste, smell, environment

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6
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • mechanical forces like pressure
    ex) touch, balance, hairs in ear
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7
Q

thermoreceptor

A

detects temperature

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8
Q

sclera

A

external is tough, white, fibrous protective layer

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9
Q

cornea

A

transparent PART of sclera at the front of the eye allowing light to enter

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10
Q

choroid

A

intermediate layer that absorbs light not detected by photoreceptors, contains blood vessels

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11
Q

iris

A

front part of choroid containing the pupil,
- which allows LIGHT to enter the inner eye and
- can adjust the size of the pupil based on light coniditions

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12
Q

ciliary muscle

A

behind the iris
attached to the lens which helps FOCUS images on the retina

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13
Q

retina

A

internal layer of eye
contains photoreceptors

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14
Q

rods

A

sensitive to light intensity and shades

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15
Q

cones

A

sensitive to different colors
- densely packed at the back of the eye called fovea centralis

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16
Q

fovea centralis

A

where cones are located, at high amount

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17
Q

optic nerve

A
  • rods and cones send sensory impulses to brain via optic nerve
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18
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

where lens is attached to the ciliary muscle

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19
Q

aqueous humour

A

clear water liquid in the anterior chamber (in front of lens).
- maintains shape of cornea and provides oxygen and nutrients

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20
Q

vitreous humour

A

clear watery fluid in the posterior chamber (behind the lens) maintains shape of eyeball and support cells

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21
Q

how do we receive the images

A

smaller
upside down
reversed left to right

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22
Q

what happens to the parts of the eye of an object is far

A
  • lens flatter
  • ciliary muscle relax
  • suspensory ligaments contract to widen the lens
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23
Q

what happens to parts of the eye when object is close

A
  • lens rounder
  • ciliary muscle contract
  • suspensory ligaments relax
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24
Q

accomodation

A

the lens changing shape in order to focus images on the retina

25
conditions affecting cornea and lens. ex) cataracts, astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia
cataracts = white spots on lens preventing light from passing through astigmatism = uneven curve of part if cornea, unable to bend light nd correct focal point myopia = near sighted, elongated eyeball hyperopia = far sighted, short eyeball
26
the retina contains what two
rods and cones
27
rods
- sensitive to light - distinguish between black and white - detect motion - ability to see around us MOTION & INTENSITY OF LIGHT
28
cones
- detect color - densely at fovea centralis - reading
29
cones detect what colors. what abt color blind people
red blue green - color blind people may have lack of particular cones mainly red and green
30
rhodopsin
- light sensitive receptor protein responsible in vision of dim light - rods
31
photopsin
same as rhodopsin but for cones - detects wave light colors for bright light
32
where is bipolar cells and ganglion
near the rods and cones - bipolar is in middle of them - ganglion is outer layer
33
blind spot
area where ganglion cells merge to form optic nerve - no photo receptors there
34
functions of the ear
hearing and balance
35
stereocillia
long microvili - responds to mechanical stimuli - movement of cilia generates nerve impulses
36
what does the outer eat contain
pinna and auditory canals
37
pinna
outside flap of ear - enhances and focuses sound
38
auditory canal
- amplifies sound waves - contains hair - produces earwax to protect eat - traps invading particles
39
middle ear consists of
- ossicles - tympanum - semicircular canals
40
tympanum
- the ear drum - vibrates in response to sound waves
41
ossicles
- has 3 parts: malleus, incus, stapes (M,I.S) - transmits sound vibration from ear drums to inner ear
42
eustachian tube
connects middle ear to throat
43
inner ear consists of
- semi circular canals, vestibule, cochlea oval window auditory nerve
44
semi circular canals
fluid filled structure - provide information about head movement (dynamic equilibrium)
45
vestibule
- connected to the middle ear by the oval window - houses two sacs called utricle and saccule, which establishes head position (static equilibrium) - ex) head positioned as it is
46
cochlea
- (snail looking part) - specialized hair cells which identify and respond to sound wave
47
organ of corti found where
organ of hearing - found in cochlea
48
process of hearing and sound
1. sound wave push against the tympanum (eardrum). vibration passed to and are amplified by ossicles 2. oval window receives vibration from ossicles. oval window pushes inward: triggers fluid waves in inner ear 3. pressure waves in the cochlear fluid cause the stereo cillia if the hair cells to bend 4. the hair cells of the organ of Corti synapse with the nerve fibres if the Auditory nerve. When the hair cells bend-electrical impulses are sent to the brain 5. Sensory neurons send information through the auditory nerve to the brain stem, thalamus, and temporal lobes. the brain can perceive the frequency, amplitude and location of the sound
49
the 3 major structures in the inner ear are responsible for
balance - semi circular canals - contain mechanoreceptors that detect head and body rotation (rotational equilibrium) - semi circular canals are 3 fluid-filled loops (3 dimensions)
50
cupula
a jelly like covering located in the ampullae (the beginning of the semi circular canals)
51
gravitational equilibrium
- balance required when moving front and back depends on the utricle and saccule (make up the vestibule) - contain otoliths which are calcium carbonate stones that lie in capula over hair cells which
52
propioreceptors
- mechanoreceptors involved in coordination (in muscles, tendons, joints) that send information about body position
53
taste
- contains chemoreceptors - taste is perceived in the parietal lobe - saliva desolved molecule in food which are detected by taste buds
54
4 basic tastes
- sour sweet salty bitter
55
olfactory receptors
chemoreceptors that line the upper nasal cavity - DETECT ODOURD - impulse are sent at frontal lobe
56
pheromones
are for the nose which are chemicals used in recognition of mates - thus why we love the smell of our mates
57
nociceptors
release chemicals that trigger pain receptors that signal the brain
58
does the pupil increase or decrease in size during the dark
increase size because it tries to find light to enter - rods r included for it

Bio 30 (6 decks)

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