Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
genetic diversity
A
- genetic variation between species within a population
2
Q
mutations
A
- change that occurs in an individuals dna
- inheritable (germ line/ sperm, egg) mutations can affect an entire gene pool
3
Q
the more _ there is the _ the chance that a variation will be present and provide selective advantage
A
- variation
- greater
4
Q
gene flow
A
- migration
- movement of alleles from one population to another
- gene flow increases
5
Q
gene flow increases genetic diversity in one population but reduces genetic differences among populations
A
- true
6
Q
non random mating
A
- individuals mate with who they want and not just randomly
- prevents other individuals to mate
7
Q
inbreeding
A
- breeding with similar alleles
- would increase frequency if homozygous breed within homozygous which increases their population with the same gene
8
Q
genetic drift
A
- change in allele frequencies due to events in a SMALL BREEDING POPULATION
- large populations do not experience genetic drift because it is unlikely to affect overall allele frequencies
9
Q
founder effect
A
- when individuals in a population isolate themselves and form their own
- individuals may only carry some alleles thus not having some original population gene pool
- diversity is limited
10
Q
does genetic drift happen in big population
A
no
11
Q
bottleneck effect
A
- rapid decrease in population size due to disaster
- starvation, disease, human activities, natural disasters
- species may come to extinction
12
Q
natural selection
A
- some individuals are able to survive better than others in an environment
- those favourable characteristics is passed on to generations
13
Q
sexual selection
A
- form of non random mating, related to natural selection
- survival advantages explain why some lethal recessive alleles stay in humans that being eliminated
- when same sex compete to get one of the opposite sex
14
Q
population sampling
A
- taking a portion of the population and conduct experiment or gain data
15
Q
what are the hardy-weinberg principles
A
- large population
- random mating
- no mutations
- no migration
- no natural selection/ preferred of nature
16
Q
p / q
A
- allele frequency
17
Q
p2/q2
A
- ratio of population
18
Q
2pq
A
- heterozygous
19
Q
genetic equilibrium
A
- no change in allele frequency overtime in a population
- not changing or evolving
20
Q
if a population isolate themselves evolving is it genetic equilibrium
A
no
21
Q
microevolution
A
- gradual/slow change in allele frequencies due
22
Q
population density
A
number of individuals in a given area ir volume
- can be used to estimate the size of a population
23
Q
what affects distribution patterns
A
- resource availability
24
Q
random distribution
A
- when everyone is everywhere
- no competition and large amount of resources
25
clumped distribution
- members form groups within the area usually around resources
26
uniform distribution
- individual are spaced evenly in a given area
- usually artificially made
- ex) farms
27
difference between immigration and immigration emmigration
immigration = into a population
emigration = out of a population
28
biotic
- living
- predation, competition, parasitism, disease
29
abiotic
- non living
- natural disasters, drought
30
biotic potential
- highest possible per capita growth rate in a population
31
What is a j shaped curve
- exponential growth
- the graph goes up indefinitely
- goes past its biotic potential
32
what is lag phase
growth phase
stationary phase
- lag = slow growth
- growth = birth rate > death rate
- stationary = death rate= birth rate
33
carrying capacity
- maximum population the area can hold without affecting resources
34
s shaped
- sigmoidal surve
- logistic growth
- less dramatic
35
density dependent factor
- BIOTIC factors limiting a habitats capacity
- parasite or disease
- small populations below carrying capacity are not affected
- greater impact as the density INCREASES. so more people then more impact
36
open population vs closed population
- open = s cutve
- closed = j curve
37
density independent factors
- ABIOTIC limiting carrying capacity
- affects no matter how much the population is
38
r selected strategies
- populations that reproduce close to biotic potential
- importance of reproduction
- ex) INSECTS
characteristics
- reproduce a lot
- short life span
- early reproductive age
39
k selected
- focus on survival and competition
-ex) HUMANS
characteristics
- few offsprings
- mature slowly
- take a long time for reproductive age
- long life span
40
intraspecific
individuals within the same species compete for resources
41
interspecific
individuals of different species compete for resources
42
if predator decrease what happens to prey. what is this called
prey would increase due to less predators.
boom and bust cycle
43
protective colouration
uses body colour as a defense mechanism. usually red yellow black
44
batesian mimicry
weak animals mimic the body of harmful animals to seem stronger than they are
45
mullerian mimicry
harmful species mimic each other. helps to avoid predators more
46
symbiosis
- direct or close relationship between individuals of different species that live together
47
mutualism
- both species benefit from relationship
48
commensalism
- one specie benefit but the other not really but its not in a harmful way
- its a yay and eh relationship
49
parasitism
- one benefits one is harmed
50
succession
- sequence of invasion and replacement in a ecosystem overtime
51
primary succession nd its order
- no soil present so species populate the area in specific order
- pioneer community = lichens, moss, then grass, herbs, then shrubs, trees, then plants
52
what is a pioneer community
they start the primary succession
53
climax community
late comers in a succession which remains stable if no major environmental change
54
secondary succession
- recolonization of an area after a disturbance
- soil are not fully distroyed
55
what is the growth of human population right now
- exponential growth
56
age pyramid with wide base
- more births than deaths
57
age pyramid
- bottom is the youngest
- top is older ages
58
inverted triangle age pyramid
- population is declining due to less births
59
what has caused the earths carrying capacity to increase
- diets
- pandemics
- garbages
- advancement in construction, agriculture, medicine
60
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