Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENV-2603 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Oceans cover what % of Earth’s surface?

A

71%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What % of fish live in marine systems?

A

63%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What % of fish live in freshwater systems?

A

37%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What % of Earth’s global ocean have we explored?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 strategies being proposed by Canadian and U.S. governments?

A
  1. Legislation to protect and restore oceans
  2. Increase federal funding to ocean research
  3. Shift focus to setting catch limits to preserve aquatic habits
  4. Establish marine reserves linked by protected corridors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 3 countries sharing Lake Victoria?

A

Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the main reasons for the rapid loss in biodiversity in Lake Victoria since 1980?

A
  1. Introduction of nile perch
  2. Algal blooms
  3. Extinction of cichlid species
  4. Water hyacinth invasions since 1986
  5. Nile perch overfished
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the social impacts of the loss of biodiversity?

A

Nile perch not affordable, and loss of cichlids increases poverty and malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the highest diversity habitats?

A

Coral reefs, estuaries, deep ocean floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Marine system is referred to as what type of frontier?

A

Research frontier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which region is biodiversity higher in the ocean?

A

The bottom of the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is freshwater important?

A

It provides economic and ecological services worth trillions of dollars each year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are human impacts on aquatic habitat loss?

A
  1. Loss of 50% of coastal wetlands
  2. Severe damage to more than 25% of coral reefs
  3. Loss of more than 33% of mangrove forest swamps
  4. Degradation of bottom habits by trawling
  5. Introducing non-native species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What % of species are overfished?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A 2010 UN report estimates commercially viable fish will be gone by when?

A

2050

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is bycatch?

A

Catch of non-target species; these species are thrown overboard dead or dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the reason for commercial extinction of fish?

A

Overfishing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What % of fish we catch do we throw away?

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons?

A

Depletion of the world’s marine fish stock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of intentionally introduced invader species?

A

Nile perch in Lake Victoria

21
Q

What is an example of unintentionally introduced invader species?

A

Through ship ballast water (eurasian ruffe, round goby)

22
Q

Where do most fish in the ocean reproduce?

A

In coral reefs, mangrove, coastal wetlands, and rivers

23
Q

What is a major cause of ecosystem disruption?

A

Introduced invasive species

24
Q

Which 3 of 8 major sea turtle species are endangered?

A

Kemp’s ridley, leatherbacks, and hawksbills

25
Q

What’s one way to save turtles?

A

Using turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, reduces the sea turtle bycatch

26
Q

What are ways we can protect and sustain marine biodiversity?

A
  1. Protect endangered and threatened species
  2. International agreements
  3. Integrated coastal management
  4. Sustainable management of marine fisheries
27
Q

What % of the ocean’s surface do nations control?

A

36%

28
Q

What % of fish stocks do nations control?

A

90%

29
Q

What % of ocean area is protected?

A

Less than 1%

30
Q

What does the UN Law of the Sea state?

A

All coastal nations have power over the waters and seabed up to 19 km offshore

31
Q

What is a Marine Protection Area (MPA)?

A

An area of ocean protected from some or all human activities

32
Q

What is integrated coastal management?

A

A community-based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably

33
Q

How can we reduce bycatch?

A

Use nets that allow escape of smaller fish and net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles

34
Q

How can we protect sea areas?

A

Establish no-fishing areas and more marine-protected areas

35
Q

What is maximum sustained yield?

A

The highest possible annual catch that can be sustained over time

  • Difficult to estimate ecosystem interactions
  • Hastened collapse of stocks
36
Q

What is optimum sustained yield?

A

The level of effort that maximizes the difference between total revenue and total cost

  • Provides more room for error
  • Takes into account interaction with other species
37
Q

What is environmental degradation?

A

Using faster than it can be replenished

38
Q

What is sustainable yield?

A

Highest rate which a renewable source can be used without reducing available supply

39
Q

What % of salmon were farmed in B.C. in 2013?

A

82%; pink salmon most commonly captured species

40
Q

What are some strategies to rebuild salmon populations?

A
  1. Allowing sufficient salmon to escape harvest
  2. Protecting the spawning beds
  3. Releasing extra water from dams when needed
41
Q

What are important ecological services provided by rivers?

A
  1. Delivering nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries
  2. Depositing silt that maintains deltas
  3. Purifying water
42
Q

How can freshwater fisheries be managed/sustained?

A
  1. Building and protecting populations
  2. Preventing overfishing
  3. Maintaining habitat quality
43
Q

How does the IUCN define biodiversity?

A

The variability among living organisms from all sources

44
Q

What is the Red List of Threatened Species?

A

Provides a snapshot of what is happening to species around the world. Updates released every 4 years

45
Q

What are ways we can sustain wetlands?

A
  1. Protect existing wetlands
  2. Develop incentives and appreciation for wetlands
  3. Steer development away from existing wetlands
46
Q

What % of wetlands in Canada are destroyed?

A

70%

47
Q

What % of fish stocks are sustainable?

A

22% (40% in 1970)

48
Q

What % of marine ecosystems are protected?

A

3.4%

ENV-2603 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions