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ENV-2603 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 characteristics to describe a biographical community?

A
  1. Physical appearance (sizes, stratification, distribution)
  2. Species diversity (species richness and species evenness)
  3. Niche structure (# of ecological niches, how they are the same/different)
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2
Q

What are factors that affect species diversity?

A
  1. Latitude
  2. Pollution
  3. Habitat diversity
  4. Net primary productivity
  5. Habitat disturbance
  6. Time
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3
Q

How are the number of species on an island determined?

A

How fast new species arrive and old species become extinct; island size, and how far it is from the mainland

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4
Q

What did MacArthur and Wilson study?

A

Communities on islands to discover why large islands have more species of a certain category, such as insects and birds, than small islands

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5
Q

What did MacArthur and Wilson propose?

A

The species equilibrium model (theory of island biogeography)

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6
Q

What does the species equilibrium model state?

A

Balance between 2 factors: rate at which new species immigrate, and rate at which old species become extinct

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7
Q

Which 2 factors affect island immigration/extinction?

A
  1. Island size
  2. Island distance from the mainland
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8
Q

What is a habitat island?

A

A national park with sea of developed/fragmented land

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9
Q

What is a native species?

A

A species that normally lives there

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10
Q

What are non-native/invasive/alien/exotic species?

A

Evolve somewhere else then migrate on purpose or accident to another place

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11
Q

What is an indicator species?

A

Provide clues to environmental conditions

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12
Q

What is an example of an indicator species?

A

Presence or absence of trout in water indicates water quality because trout need clean water with high levels of dissolved oxygen

Also - canaries in coal mines (they sing loud/often, when they stop it means too many chemicals in the mine)

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13
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

Help determine types and numbers of various other species in a community. Play critical ecological roles.

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14
Q

What is an example of a keystone species?

A

Beaver: Dam building and pond creating influence the lives of a wide variety of other organisms

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15
Q

What experiment did Robert Paine conduct?

A

He removed sea stars from a community, and left them in another community. The community he removed them from lost 18 species, except for mussels

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16
Q

What is a foundation species?

A

Create and enhance habitats that benefit other species - beavers are keystone species AND foundation species

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17
Q

What type of species are elephants?

A

Foundation, because they push over and break trees, creating forest openings

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18
Q

What is competition?

A

Interaction for shared/scarce resources (space/food)

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19
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between species

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20
Q

What is predation?

A

Preying on a species

21
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Parasite living in/on an organism

22
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When each species benefits

23
Q

What is commenalism?

A

When one species benefits, and the other species if neither benefited or harmed

24
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

When species competing for similar scarce resources evolve traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times/ways/places

25
Q

What is an example of resource partitioning?

A

Hawks/owls: hawks hunt during the day, owls hunt at night

Lions/leopards: Lions eat big prey, leopards eat smaller prey

26
Q

What do herbivores do?

A

Walk, swim, or fly to plants they feed on

27
Q

What do carnivores do?

A

Ambush, stalk, and pursue

28
Q

What are endoparasites?

A

Parasites that live inside their host organism (ex. tapeworm)

29
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

Parasites that live outside (“attach”) their host organism (ex. ticks)

30
Q

What are cowbirds?

A

A brood parasite that lays their eggs in nests of other birds and lets them raise their babies

31
Q

Pollination is an example of what?

A

Mutualism

32
Q

What is an example of commenalism?

A

Redwood sorrel, which grows in the shade of a tall redwood tree, but it doesn’t affect the tree

33
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

Gradual change in species composition of a given area

34
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Gradual establishment of biotic communities on nearly lifeless ground (ex. grass growing on a rock)

35
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Biotic communities established in an area with biotic community already present

36
Q

Soil happens when

A

Pioneer species attach themselves to a rock

37
Q

What are annuals?

A

Tiny plants that only live for a year

38
Q

What are perennial grasses?

A

Plants that live 2+ years without needing to reseed

39
Q

What are 3 factors that affect succession?

A
  1. Facilitation: 1 species makes an area suitable
  2. Inhibition: Early species hinder growth of other species
  3. Tolerance: Late plants unaffected by earlier plans
40
Q

What is disturbance?

A

A change in environment conditions that disrupts an ecosystem (ex. fire)

41
Q

Are all disturbances bad? Why/why not?

A

No. For example, when a tree falls in a forest, it increases sunlight and nutrients

42
Q

What is inertia?

A

The ability to resist being disturbed

43
Q

What is constancy?

A

The ability of a population to keep its members within limits imposed by available resources

44
Q

What is resilience?

A

The amount of disturbance a system can absorb without being fundamentally changed

45
Q

What is complexity?

A

The number of species in a community at each trophic level and the number of trophic levels in a community

46
Q

What did David Tilman state?

A

Communities with more species have higher productivity

47
Q

What is the precautionary principle?

A

When there is evidence of human activity that can harm our health, we should take measures to prevent the harm

48
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of the same species in a community

49
Q

What is species evenness?

A

The number of 2 or more species in a community is relatively similar

ENV-2603 (5 decks)

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