Chapter 13

Question 1

Protestant ideas were appealing because

Answer 1

• Christian humanists wanted to have less elaborate ceremonies, which was what Luther strived to create
• encouraged literacy, so priests and monks wanted to join
• townspeople who envied church’s wealth and hated that the clergy had to pay taxes joined

Question 2

radicals

Answer 2

• wanted religious believers to be separate from state

Question 3

whichs states were radicals?

Answer 3

switzerland, germany, netherlands

Question 4

who hated radicals, why?

Answer 4

prot and catholic, both believed church was essential part of leadership

Question 5

upper-class women were influenced by the closing of convents and monastaries because

Answer 5

• that was the only position they really had available that wasn’t being a nun
• so marriage became the only occupation for them

Question 6

Argula von Grumbach

Answer 6

• German noblewoman who supported Protestant ideas in print, but said that if no one spoke up, she would

Question 7

16th century women could not be in the

Answer 7

clergy

Question 8

Habsburg dynasty

Answer 8

illustrates effects of marriage, Frederick III and Eleonore of Portugal. Burgundy and Habsburg come together in power. 1452.

Question 9

Why were German rulers swayed by Protestantism?

Answer 9

because of material considerations. Rejection of Roman Catholicism = legal confiscation of lands, monastaries, shrines. Many authorities became protestant to extend financial and political power to get independence from emperor.

Question 10

The Holy Roman Empire in the 15th century was

Answer 10

just a bunch of loose cantons

Question 11

The first battleground:
Switzerland, part of 13 loose cantons
Cause:
- some cantons remained Catholic, others became Protestant. Zwingli died in this war
- Zwingli died
Solution:
- treaty to allow each canton to determine its own religion, policy of neutrality

Imperial Diet 1530
- Charles V wanted to defend Catholicism
Augsburg Confession
- statement of faith
Charles reaction
- refused to accept it, ordered Protestants to go back to Catholic church and give up property
peoples’ reactions: german cities allied iliarily to fight back, Charles V was too weak to do so
Charles V wanted
- unity, defended church and empire, strength against territorial rulers

Solution
Peace of Augsburg 1555
- Charles and German princes agree to recognize Lutheranism
- political territory to decide to be Catholic or Lutheran
- northern/central Germany = Lutheran, south= roman Catholic
- princes established state churches to pick

Question 12

Denmark and the Reformation

Answer 12

• smoothly, King Christian III, Wittenberg University spread ideas quickly

Question 13

Northern Norway and Iceland and the Reformation

Answer 13

• no

Question 14

Henry VIII influence on monastic life

Answer 14

• ended English monastic life, properties went to upper classes, dissolution of monastaries, nationalized the church

Question 15

Thomas Cromwell influence

Answer 15

• chief minister, English Bible in every church
• created economic balance, centralized king’s household, surplus funds went into a liquid fund

Question 16

Ireland and the Reformation

Answer 16

• stayed loyal to the Catholic church at first, then approved English laws severing church from Rome
• most remained Roman Catholic
• Catholic clergy were national and religious leaders

Question 17

• Mary Tudor brought back Catholicism in England briefly
• got rid of Henry VIII’s Reformation legislation
• she executed protestants,w hich alienated her subjects, protestants fled
• mary dies
• elizabeth, her half sister comes to rule. elizabeth chose the middle ground for catholics and puritans
• ordered the church and gov would swear she would be able to make religious decisions
• mary queen of scots comes into rule
• scots was catholic, next in line to the English throne
  -> elizabeth imprisons mary
• mary tried to assassinate elizabeth
• elizabeth and philip ii were catholic couple
• elizabeth and england executes mary
• so hilip ii sends Spanish Armada from Lisbon to Flanders 1588, defeated by England
  effect: Spain had to rebuild navy, war dragged on for years, prevented Catholicism in England

Question 18

Anglican church

Answer 18

Church of England

Question 19

John Calvin

Answer 19

• believed God chose him for a reason

Question 20

Unique Calvinism traits

Answer 20

• believed in absolute sovereignty of God vs the weakness of humanity, humans are insiginificant
• predestination

Question 21

Consistory

Answer 21

• group of laymen, pastors, charged w investigating, disciplining religious conduct

Question 22

Church under Calvinist beliefs

Answer 22

• any occupation would be a God-given calling, simpler but longer services, less art, more altars

Question 23

John Knox

Answer 23

• wanted to strcuture Scottish church based off of Calvin’s Geneva, so the Presbyterian Church followed Calvinist doctrine. EMphasis on preaching

Question 24

Czech majority and the Reformation

Answer 24

• ruled by Germans
• adopted Jan Hus’ ideas

Question 25

Poland and the Reformation

Answer 25

- were opposed to Luther's ideas, John Calvin appealed to the Polish-- especially because it orginated in France, not Germany

Question 26

Hungarians

Answer 26

- Protestant, education

Question 27

where was the center for reform movements?

Answer 27

- papal court

Question 28

Pope Paul III

Answer 28

- supported education for clergy, end of simony, stricter clerical control. - Established the Holy Office - Council of Trent

Question 29

Roman Inquisition

Answer 29

- committe of six cardinals, judicial authority, power to arrest imprison, and execute heretics

Question 30

Holy office

Answer 30

- prohibited Christian humanist works - jurisdiction over Roman Inquisition

Question 31

Council of Trent

Answer 31

- validity to Scirptures and traditions, reaffirmed seven sacraments, disciplinary matters - marriage had to be public before a priest and witness to be valid, ended private marriages

Question 32

Jesuits

Answer 32

- Ignatius Loyola, strengthened Catholicism, encouraged religious discipline - did NOT want to reform church, wanted to help souls

Question 33

French Religious Wars (who, what, why, resolution) + bonus

Answer 33

- who: Huguenots vs Catholics - what: st. bartholomew's day massacre, catholics attack huguenots in paris on the day of Henry Navarre's marriage - why: religious beliefs - result: Henry Navarre became Henry IV, then issued the Edict of Nantes in favor of religious tolerance for Huguenots - Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes

Question 34

- Netherlands became Calvinists - calvinism encouraged opposition - spain tried to suppress calvinist worship and raise taxes, rioting folowed soonafter, churches in antwerp were destroyed - who: 17 provinces vs spain

Question 35

union of utrecht (issued because of religous division)

Answer 35

- 7 northern (protestant) provinces declaired independence from Spain. South remained Catholic. Philip didn't like this, war continued. 1609 it was resolved.

Question 36

accusatorial to inquisitorial procedures in the witch trials

Answer 36

accusatorial: accusers could be placed on trial if the charges they placed on the suspect were not proven inquisitorial: legal authorities were brought in, did not always lead to witch hunts. believed in the power of the devil, but were different in that they were willing to question.

Question 37

when witch trials

Answer 37

15th-18th (most in 16th-17th)