chapter 13

Question 1

pitch

Answer 1

psychological perception of a frequency

Question 2

octave

Answer 2

interval between sound frequencies with a 2:1 ratio
musical notes can have several octaves

Question 3

musical helix

Answer 3

tone height and tone chroma

Question 4

tone height

Answer 4

level of pitch (low to high)

Question 5

tone chroma

Answer 5

quality shared by items with the same musical notes

Question 6

chords

Answer 6

combination of two or more notes

Question 7

dyad

Answer 7

two notes combined

Question 8

triad

Answer 8

three notes combined

Answer 9

combinations of notes with simple ratios
ex: perfect fifth (3:2) and perfect fourth (4.3)

Answer 10

combinations of notes with less elegant ratios
ex: minor second (16:15) or augmented fourth (45:32)

Question 11

musical scales

Answer 11

a group of musical notes that can be played in sequence
‘musical key’
western music uses a 7 note scale

Question 12

melody

Answer 12

sequence of notes or chords perceived as a coherent structure
ex: HBD song

Question 13

tempo

Answer 13

same melody can be played at varying speeds as long as the relative duration of notes are held constant
measured in BPM
affects mood of the music

Question 14

rhythm

Answer 14

number of beats in a given section of a melody

Question 15

rhythm perception

Answer 15

BOLTON
played series of equally spaced sounds to listeners and people grouped them into a rhythm despite there not being one

Question 16

syncopation

Answer 16

any deviation from a regular rhythm
ex: jazz and reggae music

Question 17

music is a _____

Answer 17

universal human trait

Question 18

musical perception in infants

Answer 18

LYNCH ET AL
american infants listened to diff scales and find mistunings vs western and Indonesian music

result: they were good at it but adults weren’t

Question 19

Tsimane study

Answer 19

tribe in amazon with no western contact

played consonant/dissonant chords and name/rate them

could name them but rated similarly

Question 20

perfect pitch

Answer 20

some people can hear a musical note in isolation and name it

<1/10K people

Question 21

relative pitch

Answer 21

some people can tell the name of one note in relation to another note

Question 22

how is PP acquired?

Answer 22

most adults can’t acquire it

if your sibling has perfect pitch you’re more likely to have it too

people who acquire it have extensive musical training as a child

Question 23

Sir Francis Galton

Answer 23

talented people have talent relatives

Question 24

anders ericsson

Answer 24

expertise is due to level of practice

Question 25

how do you become a musical expert?

Answer 25

consistent practice that is spaced across several years

Question 26

spatial orientation

Answer 26

sense consisting of 3 interacting modalities

Question 27

what are the three interacting modalities of spatial orientation?

Answer 27

linear motion angular motion tilt

Question 28

linear motion

Answer 28

translational movement in one direction the predominant movement of a train

Question 29

angular motion

Answer 29

rotational motion like that of a spinning top or the swinging doors of a saloon

Question 30

tilt

Answer 30

to attain a sloped position like the leaning tower of pizza

Question 31

vestibular system

Answer 31

sensory organs that contribute to the detection of self motion and orientation, it's crucial for balance and coordination

Question 32

what does spatial orientation help with?

Answer 32

visual stability, balance, autonomic, spatial orientation

Question 33

where is the vestibular system located?

Answer 33

cochlea semicircular canal otolith organs (utricle and saccule)

Question 34

semicircular canals

Answer 34

detect angular motion involved in head and body rotations rotational acceleration ex: spinning around/turning head

Question 35

roll

Answer 35

posterior semicircular canal

Question 36

pitch

Answer 36

anterior semicircular canal

Question 37

yaw

Answer 37

horizontal semicircular canal

Question 38

how do the semicircular canals transduce angular motion into a neural signal?

Answer 38

the semicircular canals are filled with a fluid called endolymph the ampulla is the retina of the vestibular system the endolymph fluid hits the cupula cupula is attached to cilia pushes the cilia in a certain direction

Question 39

the semicircular canals respond to ____ not ____

Question 40

velocity

Answer 40

the speed at which something moves ex: a car moving at a constant speed of 60 miles per hour down the road, distance over time

Question 41

acceleration

Answer 41

a change in velocity ex: a car increasing its speed as it leaves from a stoplight

Question 42

what do the otolith organs detect?

Answer 42

linear motion and tilt

Answer 43

nonrotational movement in a uniform direction

Answer 44

the orientation of the head/body in reference to gravity

Question 45

the macula

Answer 45

otoconia otolithic membrane hair cells

Question 46

otoconia

Answer 46

tiny calculus carbonate stones that provides inertial mass for organs

Question 47

otolithic membrane

Answer 47

gelatinous membrane that bends with linear motion

Question 48

hair cells

Answer 48

bent by the motion of the otolithic organ, creating a neural signal

Question 49

utricle is sensitive to what?

Answer 49

utricle is sensitive to horizontal movement

Question 50

saccule is sensitive to what?

Answer 50

saccule is sensitive to vertical movement

Question 51

rotation velocity

Answer 51

once physical motion stops, you perceive rotational motion in the opposite direction

Question 52

vection

Answer 52

sense of self-motion caused by a visual stimulus moving in the opposite direction, so you feel like you're moving due to a visual stimulus even though there is no motion ex: carwash

Question 53

sensory integration

Answer 53

process of combining multiple sensory signals combines the signals, yielding more accurate information than obtained by the individual sensory signals

Question 54

what is the vestibular system crucial for?

Answer 54

controlling eye movements

Question 55

how does the vestibular system stabilize the eyes?

Answer 55

heads and bodies aren't always stable, so our visual systems automatically compensate by making correctional eye movements

Question 56

vestibule-ocular reflex (VOR)

Answer 56

reflex that helps the eyes stabilize vision by counter-rotating the eyes in the opposite direction of a head rotation

Question 57

autonomic system

Answer 57

part of the nervous system that is responsible for regulating many involuntary actions and that innervates glands, heart, digestive system, etc sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 58

motion sickness

Answer 58

results from disagreement between motion signals from the vestibular system and the visual system

Question 59

sea sickness

Answer 59

visual system perceives no motion, but the vestibular system perceives motion

Question 60

car sickness

Answer 60

the visual and vestibular system perceive motion forward in the front the vestibular system perceives forward motion but the visual system doesn't in the back

Question 61

general impairments of the vestibular system

Answer 61

spatial disorientation imbalance difficulty stabilizing the eyes on objects while the head moves nausea/vomiting

Question 62

mal de débarquement syndrome

Answer 62

remaining sea sick after returning to land

Question 63

meniere's syndrome

Answer 63

sudden onset of dizziness, imbalance, and disorientation affecting 1/500 people Tx: medication to lower inner ear pressure or removal/destruction of the vestibular system