chapter 14

Question 1

touch

Answer 1

sensations caused by mechanical stimulation of the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints

Question 2

5 sensations of touch

Answer 2

tactile
pain
temperature
kinesthesia
propriosection

Question 3

types of touch receptors

Answer 3

tactile
kinesthetic
thermoreceptors
nocireceptors

Question 4

mechanoreceptors

Answer 4

sensory receptor that responds to mechanical stimulation like pressure, vibration, or movement

Question 5

4 types of mechanoreceptors in the skin

Answer 5

messier corpuscle
Merkel cell neuritis complex
Ruffini ending
pacinian corpuscle

Question 6

2 properties of mechnorecpetors

Answer 6

size of receptive field and rate of adaptation

Question 7

fast adapting

Answer 7

respond when skin is first
stimulated and when stimulation is removed. not
between onset and offset of stimulation

Question 8

slow adapting

Answer 8

remain active through the period
during which the stimulus is in contact with its receptive
field

Question 9

slow adapting type 1 merkel

Answer 9

sustained pressure at low frequency

ex: reading brail or feeling the head of a screw

Question 10

slow adapting type 2 ruffin

Answer 10

sustained downward pressure

ex: reaching for a coffee cup

Question 11

fast adapting type I meissner

Answer 11

low fq vibrations of 5-50

ex: objects falling from our grip

Question 12

fast adapting type ii pacinian

Answer 12

high fq of 50-700
ex: mosquito on skin

Question 13

inner fibers/ intrafusal fibers

Answer 13

detect whether a muscle is expanded or contracted

Question 14

nociceptors

Answer 14

a sensory receptor that responds to
tissue damage caused by extreme
pressure or temperatures
Examples: getting a papercut on your finger, extreme skin temperatures (<59°F or >113°F), internal organ damage

Question 15

ThermoTRP ion channels

Answer 15

connected nociceptors
and themroreceptors to give us illusory sensation of
temperature and/or pain.

Question 16

Endogenous/exogenous
opiates

Answer 16

block the neurotransmitters necessary to send the pain signal to the brain

Question 17

Anti-inflammatory

Answer 17

top the
nociceptors from firing by
reducing fever or
inflammation (e.g., ibuprofen)

Question 18

Congenital analgesia

Answer 18

no pain

Question 19

somatosensory cortex

Answer 19

it has an orderly spatial organization (somatotopic)
it has systemic distortions in representation
the primary somatosensory
receiving area in the brain
analogous to primary visual
cortex (V1)

Question 20

wilder penfield

Answer 20

determined no anesthesia during brain surgery

Question 21

phantom limb

Answer 21

When the arm is amputated neurons in the face region invade the unused arm region

Question 22

Ramachandran (1993)

Answer 22

Systematically stimulates regions
of the face using a cotton swab, different regions of the face
lawfully correspond to different
sensations in the amputated arm
ex: Upper lip = index finger

Question 23

2 point touch threshold

Answer 23

the minimum distance at which two touch stimuli are perceptible as separated

Question 24

humans are what

Answer 24

micro somatic

Question 25

macrosomatic

Answer 25

animals

Question 26

porter et al 2007

Answer 26

humans could follow 32 feet of chocolate

Question 27

odor

Answer 27

psychological perception of a smell

Question 28

odorant

Answer 28

molecule in the air that elicits the sensation of smell

Question 29

how many odors

Answer 29

1 trillion

Question 30

shape pattern theory

Answer 30

the dominant biochemical theory for how odorants become odors different odorants have different shapes, which can activate different arrays of olfactory receptors these different arrays of receptors produce specific firing patterns in the olfactory bulb

Question 31

methanol

Answer 31

used as fuel and is not easily detectable to humans this is highly dangerous because they are highly flammable Solution: Manufacturers add a potent odorant that smells like eggs

Question 32

olfactometer

Answer 32

specialized device that releases an odorant in a precisely controlled manner to a subject

Question 33

detection

Answer 33

stating whether or not a given sensory stimulus is present or absent

Question 34

recognition

Answer 34

identifying or categorizing a given sensory stimulus

Question 35

recognition threshold

Answer 35

the concentration at which an odorant can be identified of 50% of trials this threshold is generally much higher than the sensory detection threshold

Question 36

Tip-of-the-Nose Phenomena

Answer 36

can detect but can't name

Question 37

anosmia

Answer 37

no smell intense sinus infections, chronic allergies, traumatic head injury

Question 38

why does cognitive habituation to smells happen

Answer 38

Repeated exposure may hinder olfactory receptor replenishment 2. Repeated exposure may put odor chemicals in the bloodstream 3. Cognitive-emotional factors may play a major role in how people react to old odors