chapter 13

Question 1

has been regarded as the major force behind species divergence and specialization

Answer 1

competition

Question 2

A relationship that affects the populations of two or more species adversely

Answer 2

interspecific competition

Question 3

six types of interactions for most instances of interspecific
competition

Answer 3

(1) consumption, (2) preemption, (3) overgrowth,
(4) chemical interaction, (5) territorial, and (6) encounter

Question 4

occurs when individuals of one species inhibit individuals of another by consuming a
shared resource, such as the competition among various animal
species for acorns

Answer 4

Consumption competition

Question 5

occurs primarily
among sessile organisms, such as barnacles, in which the occupation by one individual precludes establishment (occupation)
by others

Answer 5

Preemptive competition

Question 6

occurs when one organism literally grows over another (with or without physical
contact), inhibiting access to some essential resource

Answer 6

Overgrowth competition

Question 7

chemical growth inhibitors or toxins released by an individual inhibit or
kill other species

Answer 7

chemical interactions

Question 8

in plants, in which chemicals produced by some plants inhibit germination and establishment of other species

Answer 8

Allelopathy

Question 9

results from the behavioral exclusion of others from a specific space that is defended as a territory

Answer 9

Territorial competition

Question 10

results when nonterritorial meetings between individuals negatively affect one or both of the participant species

Answer 10

Encounter competition

Question 11

states that “complete competitors” cannot coexist

Answer 11

competitive exclusion principle

Question 12

two species (non-interbreeding populations) that live in the same place and have exactly the same ecological
requirements

Answer 12

complete competitors

Question 13

Under this set of conditions, if population A increases the least bit faster than population B, then A will eventually outcompete B, leading to its local extinction

Answer 13

competitive exclusion principle

Question 14

competitive exclusion principle assumptions

Answer 14

• exactly the same resource requirements
• environmental conditions remain constant

Question 15

What ecological conditions are necessary for coexistence of species
that share a common resource base?

Answer 15

environmental factors
spatial and temporal variations in resource availability
competition for multiple limiting resources
resource partitioning

Question 16

the range of physical and chemical conditions under which it
can persist (survive and reproduce) and the array of essential
resources it uses

Answer 16

ecological niche

Question 17

the ecological niche in the absence of interactions with other species

Answer 17

fundamental niche

Question 18

he portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually exploits as a result of interactions with other species

Answer 18

realized niche

Question 19

when a species’ niche expands in response to the removal of a competitor

Answer 19

competitive
release

Question 20

occur when a species invades an island that is free of potential competitors, moves
into habitats it never occupied on a mainland, and becomes more abundant

Answer 20

competitive
release

Question 21

suggests
that if two species have identical resource requirements, then
one species will eventually displace the other

Answer 21

competitive exclusion principle

Question 22

differences in the range of resources used or environmental tolerances

Answer 22

“niche differentiation”

Question 23

a direct result of differences among co-occurring species
in specific physiological, morphological, or behavioral adaptations that allow individuals access to essential resources while at the same time function to reduce competition

Answer 23

resource partitioning

Question 24

hypothesis of resource portioning as a product of coevolution between competing species

Answer 24

ghosts of competition
past

Question 25

When the shift involves features of the species’ morphology, behavior, or physiology

Answer 25

character displacement

Question 26

complex interaction that seldom involves the interaction between two species for a single limiting resource

Answer 26

competition

Question 27

describe four possible outcomes of interspecific competition

Answer 27

Lotka–Volterra

Question 28

four possible outcomes of interspecific competition of the Lotka-Volterra model

Answer 28

Species 1 may outcompete species 2; species 2 may outcompete species 1; One is unstable equilibrium, in which the species that was most abundant at the outset usually outcompetes the other. A final possible outcome is stable equilibrium, in which two species coexist but at a lower population level than if each existed without the other.