Chapter 8

Question 1

is a group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a given area

Answer 1

population

Question 2

have unique features because they are an aggregate of individuals

Answer 2

population

Question 3

two important features of population

Answer 3

1. Genetic unit
2. spatial concept

Question 4

Three types of lateral modular growth in plants that produce ramets:

Answer 4

stolons
rhizomes
suckers

Question 5

specialized stems that grow above the surface of the substrate

Answer 5

Stolons

Question 6

specialized stems that grow below the surface of the substrate

Answer 6

Rhizomes

Question 7

new stems from the surface roots

Answer 7

Suckers

Question 8

two levels of population structure:

Answer 8

genet
ramet

Question 9

a genetic individual produced by (a plant’s) sexual reproduction, thus arising from a zygote

Answer 9

genet

Question 10

modules produced asexually by the genet; can produce seeds (through sexual reproduction) and their own lateral extensions or ramets (asexual reproduction)

Answer 10

Ramets

Question 11

group of genetically identical modules, or ramets, that are produced asexually by the genet

Answer 11

Clonal colony

Question 12

Population STRUCTURE

Answer 12

• Distribution
• Density
• Proportion of age classes

Question 13

Population DYNAMICS

Answer 13

• Birth
• Death
• Migration

Question 14

based on the presence and absence of individuals which defines the spatial extent of a population

Answer 14

Distribution

Question 15

defined area that encompasses all the individuals of a species

Answer 15

Geographic range

Question 16

the place or environment where an organism lives

Answer 16

habitat

Question 17

Factors influencing the population distribution

Answer 17

habitat suitability
geographic barriers

Question 18

a species with a geographically widespread distribution

Answer 18

Ubiquitous

Question 19

a species with a distribution that is restricted to a particular locality or localized habitat

Answer 19

Endemic

Question 20

a collective of local populations linked by the dispersal of individuals; due to environmental heterogeneity, most populations are divided into subpopulations, each occupying suitable habitats

Answer 20

metapopulation

Question 21

geographic barriers

Answer 21

• mountain ranges
• interactions, such as competition and predation, with other species

Question 22

the total number of individuals in the population

Answer 22

Abundance

Question 23

two factors of abundance

Answer 23

population density
the area which the population is distributed

Question 24

density that is measured simply as the number of individuals per unit area

Answer 24

crude density

Question 25

Patterns of the spatial distribution for individuals within a population:

Answer 25

random regular clumped

Question 26

if each individual’s position is independent of those of the others

Answer 26

random

Question 27

an individual has an equal probability of occurring anywhere in an area

Answer 27

random

Question 28

neutral interactions between individuals and local environment

Answer 28

random

Question 29

more or less evenly spaced; usually results from some form of negative interaction among individuals, such as competition, which functions to maintain some minimum distance among members of the population

Answer 29

regular

Question 30

Individuals are uniformly spaced through the environment

Answer 30

regular

Question 31

antagonistic interaction between individuals or local depletion of sources

Answer 31

regular

Question 32

most common spatial distribution in which individuals occur in groups

Answer 32

clumped

Question 33

individuals live in areas of high local abundance, separated by areas of low abundance

Answer 33

clumped

Question 33

which is the number of individuals per unit of available living space; to account for patchiness

Answer 33

ecological density

Question 34

attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource

Answer 34

clumped

Question 35

Sampling methods

Answer 35

quadrat method mark-recapture Lincoln-Petersen index indices of abundance

Question 36

method of sampling used widely in the study of populations of plants and sessile (attached) animals

Answer 36

quadrat method

Question 37

the most widely used technique for mobile animals to estimate animal populations which involves capturing, marking, and recapturing individuals within a population

Answer 37

mark-recapture

Question 38

the simplest single mark–single recapture method

Answer 38

Lincoln–Petersen index

Question 39

a measure of relative density or abundance that cannot function alone as estimates of actual density

Answer 39

indices of abundance

Question 40

indices of abundance examples

Answer 40

vocalization heard, recording of calls counts of animal scats animal tracks

Question 41

do not tell us anything; measurement of population structure includes age, developmental stage, and size

Answer 41

abundance

Question 42

the number or proportion of individuals in different age classes

Answer 42

age structure

Question 43

a product of the age-specific patterns of mortality and reproduction

Answer 43

age structure

Question 44

restricted to certain age classes

Answer 44

reproduction

Question 45

three ecologically important age classes or stages

Answer 45

1. prereproductive 2. reproductive 3. postreproductive

Question 46

by counting annual growth rings approximate ages of trees in which growth is seasonal can be determined

Answer 46

dendrochronology

Question 47

snapshots of the age structure of a population at some period in time, providing a picture of the relative sizes of different age groups in the population

Answer 47

Age pyramids

Question 48

protandry

Answer 48

male first to female later

Question 49

protogyny

Answer 49

female first to male later

Question 50

reasons of dispersal

Answer 50

crowding temperature change quality and abundance of food photoperiod

Question 51

Which sex is dominant in mammals? Why?

Answer 51

Males often have higher mortality rates due to competition, aggression, or predation, leading to a higher female ratio in older age groups.

Question 52

Which sex have higher mortality rate in birds?

Answer 52

Females have higher mortality rate due to being susceptible to predation and attack when nesting

Question 53

movement of individuals in space

Answer 53

dispersal

Question 54

Unintentional dispersal examples

Answer 54

* Long distance dispersal by humans: PRIMARY CONCERN * Snakes in Apo Island * Ballast water and soil in cargo ships * Transport of cargoes (logs, sediments, etc.,) * Ornamental plants

Question 55

when individuals move out of a subpopulation

Answer 55

emigration

Question 56

when an individual moves from another location into a subpopulation

Answer 56

immigration

Question 57

round trip movement of animals; return trips may be daily or seasonal

Answer 57

migration

Question 58

a reproductive strategy wherein an organism reproduce once then dies

Answer 58

semelparous

Question 59

a reproductive strategy wherein an organism reproduce repetitively

Answer 59

iteroparous

Question 60

a new source of long-distance dispersal that has led to the redistribution of species at a global scale

Answer 60

dispersal by humans