Chapter 16-18.3

Question 1

the group of species that occupy a given area, interacting directly or indirectly

Answer 1

community

Question 2

It refers to a subset of the species, such as a plant, bird (avian),
small mammal, or fish community.

Answer 2

Community

Question 3

It suggests relatedness or similarity among the members in their taxonomy, response to the environment, or use of resources.

Answer 3

Community

Question 4

Two features of the community structure that the rank-abundance diagram illustrate

Answer 4

species richness
species evenness

Question 5

count of number of species occurring within the community

Answer 5

Species richness

Question 6

the equitability in the distribution of individuals among the species

Answer 6

species evenness

Question 7

What defines the biological structure of the community?

Answer 7

species composition

Question 8

the species ranking based on relative abundance, ranked from the most to least abundance (x-axis)

Answer 8

rank abundance

Question 9

the simplest quantitative measure of community structure

Answer 9

species richness

Question 10

Mathematical indices which consider both the number and relative abundance of species within the community

Answer 10

species diversity

Question 11

one of the simplest and most widely used indices of species diversity

Answer 11

Simpson’s diversity index

Question 12

when a single or few species predominate within a community; often defined as the most numerically abundant

Answer 12

dominants

Question 13

a species that has a disproportionate impact on the community relative to its abundance

Answer 13

keystone species

Question 14

function in a unique and significant manner, and their effect on the community is disproportionate to their numerical abundance

Answer 14

Keystone species

Question 15

describe species interactions

Answer 15

food webs

Question 16

abstract representation of feeding relationships within a community

Answer 16

food chain

Question 17

a descriptive diagram—a series of arrows, each pointing from one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from prey (the consumed) to predator (the consumer)

Answer 17

food chain

Question 18

the arrows from the consumed to the consumer

Answer 18

links (link or linkage)

Question 19

feed on no other species but are fed on by others

Answer 19

basal species

Question 20

feed on other species and they are prey of other species

Answer 20

intermediate species

Question 21

not subject to predators; they prey on intermediate and basal species

Answer 21

top predators

Question 22

It provide a useful tool for analyzing the
structure of communities and a number of measures have been developed to quantify food web structure.

Answer 22

food web

Question 23

Organisms that derive energy from consuming plant and animal tissue

Answer 23

heterotrophs or secondary producers

Question 24

division of heterotrophs (trophic levels)

Answer 24

herbivores
carnivores
omnivores

Question 25

groups of species that exploit a common resource in a similar fashion

Answer 25

guilds

Question 26

commonly used to define a group of species based on their common response to the environment, life history characteristics, or role within the community

Answer 26

functional type

Question 27

What defines the form and structures of terrestrial communities?

Answer 27

vegetation

Question 28

Characteristics of Communities

Answer 28

biological structure: species composition physical structure: abiotic and biotic factors

Question 29

What defines aquatic communities?

Answer 29

features of abiotic environment (such as water depth, flow rate, salinity)

Question 30

vertical stratification of forest

Answer 30

emergent canopy understory ground cover forest floor

Question 31

vertical structure of the vegetation in savanna communities

Answer 31

herbaceous layer woody plant layer

Question 32

two distinct vertical layers recognized based on light penetration through the water column

Answer 32

photic layer aphotic layer

Question 33

spatial change in community structure

Answer 33

zonation

Question 34

changes in the physical and biological structures of communities as one moves across the landscape

Answer 34

zonation

Question 35

likened associations to organisms, with each species representing an interacting, integrated component of the whole

Answer 35

organismic concept of communities

Question 36

development of the community through time

Answer 36

succession

Question 37

states that the relationship among coexisting species (species within a community) is a result of similarities in their requirements and tolerances, not to strong interactions or common evolutionary history

Answer 37

individualistic or continuum concept

Question 38

the goal is to return a community or ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition before disturbance by applying ecological principles

Answer 38

restoration ecology

Question 39

involves a continuum of approaches ranging from reintroducing species and restoring habitats to attempting to reestablish whole communities

Answer 39

restoration ecology

Question 40

group of plant and animal species that inhabit a given area

Answer 40

community

Question 41

an expression of the species' ecological niche

Answer 41

community structure

Question 42

result of differences in species' tolerance and interactions along environmental gradient

Answer 42

zonation

Question 43

one species may be influenced by interaction with many different species is not limited to competition

Answer 43

diffuse interactions

Question 44

occur when one species does not interact with a second species directly but instead influences a third species that does indirectly interact with the second

Answer 44

indirect interaction

Question 45

occurs when two species that do not compete with each other for limited resources affect each other indirectly by being prey for the same predator

Answer 45

apparent competition

Question 46

functional grouping of species based on sharing similar functions within the community or exploiting the same resource (e.g., grazing herbivores, pollinators, cavity-nesting birds)

Answer 46

guilds

Question 47

The structure of food chains suggests that the productivity and abundance of populations at any given trophic level are controlled (limited) by the productivity and abundance of populations in the trophic level below them

Answer 47

bottom-up control

Question 48

occurs when predator populations control the abundance of prey species

Answer 48

top-down control

Question 49

type of top-down control which occurs when a predator in a food web suppresses the abundance of their prey (intermediate species) such that it increases the abundance of the next lower trophic level (basal species) on which the intermediate species feeds

Answer 49

trophic cascade

Question 50

results when individuals compete in proportion to their size, so that larger plants cause a large decrease in the growth of smaller plants, and small plants cause a small (but proportionate to their size) decrease in the growth of larger plants

Answer 50

symmetric competition

Question 51

larger plants have a disproportionate advantage in competition for light by shading smaller ones, resulting in initial size differences being compounded over time

Answer 51

asymmetric

Question 52

temporal change in community structure

Answer 52

succession

Question 53

the gradual and seemingly directional change in community structure through time from field to forest

Answer 53

succession

Question 54

usually characterized by high growth rates, smaller size, high degree of dispersal, and high rates of per capita population growth

Answer 54

early successional species or pioneer species

Question 55

generally have lower rates of dispersal and colonization, slower per capita growth rates, and are larger and longer-lived

Answer 55

late successional species

Question 56

two different types of succession

Answer 56

primary succession secondary succession

Question 57

occurs on a site previously unoccupied by a community—a newly exposed surface such as the cement blocks in a rocky intertidal environment

Answer 57

primary succession

Question 58

occurs on previously occupied sites (previously existing communities) after disturbance

Answer 58

secondary succession

Question 59

defined as any process that results in the removal (either partial or complete) of the existing community

Answer 59

disturbance

Question 60

series of sites within an area that are at different stages of succession (seral stages)

Answer 60

chronosequence

Question 61

includes attributes such as the number of species, the relative abundance of species, and the kinds of species comprising a community

Answer 61

community structure

Question 62

a group of organisms that all make their living in a similar way

Answer 62

guild

Question 63

a discrete, punctuated killing, displacement, or damaging of one or more individuals (or colonies) that directly or indirectly creates an opportunity for new individuals (or colonies) to become established

Answer 63

disturbance

Question 64

any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment

Answer 64

disturbance

Question 65

predicts that intermediate levels of disturbance promote higher levels of diversity

Answer 65

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Question 66

one of several distributions that give a reasonable match to the relative abundance of species

Answer 66

lognormal distribution

Question 67

point on a continuum of vegetation through time, it is often recognizable as a distinct community

Answer 67

seral stage