Chapter 13 Flashcards
• Personality
the unique and relatively stable
ways in which people think, feel, and behave
Preconscious mind
: level of the mind in which
information is available but not currently conscious.
Conscious mind
: level of the mind that is aware of
immediate surroundings and perceptions.
Unconscious mind:
level of the mind in which
thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information
that are not easily or voluntarily brought into
consciousness are kept.
ID
part of the personality present at birth;
completely unconscious.
– libido: the instinctual energy that may come into
conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for
behavior.
– pleasure principle: principle by which the id
functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without
regard for the consequences.
EGO
part of the personality that develops out of
a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious,
rational, and logical.
– reality principle: principle by which the ego functions;
the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when
negative consequences will not result.
Superego
part of the personality that acts as a
moral center.
– ego ideal: part of the superego that contains the
standards for moral behavior.
– conscience: part of the superego that produces pride
or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or
does not match the ego ideal.
Denial
the person refuses to acknowledge or
recognize a threatening situation.
Repression
the person refuses to consciously
remember a threatening or unacceptable event,
instead pushing those events into the
unconscious mind.
Projection
unacceptable or threatening
impulses or feelings are seen as originating with
someone else, usually the target of the impulses
or feelings.
Fixation
If the person does not fully resolve the
conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will
result in personality traits and behaviors
associated with that earlier stage.
Oral stage:
First stage, in which the mouth is
the erogenous zone and weaning is the
primary conflict; id dominated
Anal stage
Second stage, occurring between
about one and three years of age; the anus is the
erogenous zone and toilet training is the source
of conflict; ego develops.
Anal expulsive personality
a person fixated in the
anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
Anal retentive personality:
a person fixated in the anal
stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
Phallic stage:
Third stage, occurring from about
three to six years of age; the child discovers
sexual feelings; superego develops
Oedipus complex
situation occurring in the phallic
stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to
the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex
parent.
Latency stage:
Fourth stage occurring during
the school years, in which the sexual feelings of
the child are repressed while the child develops
in other ways.
Genital stage
During and after puberty, sexual
feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
Neo-Freudians
followes of Freud who developed their own competing pyschodynamic theories
Albert Bandura and Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Self-Efficacy
indivual’s exoectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in a particular circumstance
Carl Rogers and Unconditional Positive Regard
referring to the warmth, respect, and acceptaing atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy; positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached
Trait theories
theories that enfeacor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effor to predict future behavior
