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Psychology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The unique way in which each person thinks, acts, and feels throughout life

A

Personality

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2
Q

The sum total of who a person is – the person’s attitudes and reactions, both physical and emotional

A

Personality

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3
Q

A person’s relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior

A

Personality

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4
Q

A stable, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

A

Personality Trait

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5
Q

A style of personality defined by a group of related traits

A

Personality Type

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6
Q

Consists of a person’s ideas, perceptions, stories, and feelings about who the person is

A

Self-concept

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7
Q

A person’s self-evaluation of his/her strengths and weaknesses

A

Self-esteem

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8
Q

What focuses on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts, and struggles

A

Psychodynamic Theories

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9
Q

Who proposes the three mental structures? (three parts of the mind)

A

Freud

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10
Q

What are the three mental structures?

A

Id, Ego, and Superego

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11
Q

The first and most primitive part of the personality present in the infant

A

Id

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12
Q

Completely unconscious, pleasure-seeking, existing at birth, containing all of the basic biological drives (hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex; operates according to the Pleasure Principle (essentially, find pleasure, avoid pain, without regard for the consequences

A

Id

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13
Q

Considered to be the power source for the personality (from energy called the libido, which comprises a person’s urges for survival, sexual behavior, and pleasure-seeking

A

Id

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14
Q

Develops in infancy as an outgrowth of the id in order to deal with reality

A

Ego

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15
Q

This is sometimes described as the executive because it directs the energies of the id

A

Ego

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16
Q

This permits a person to operate reasonably in the world

A

Ego

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17
Q

This operates according to the Reality Principle (a desire of the id can be gratified only if a means for gratification is available in the environment, in reality, and gratification will not result in negative consequences)

A

Ego

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18
Q

This develops during childhood as another outgrowth of the id

A

Superego

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19
Q

The internalized representation of society’s moral rules, which are acquired primarily through interaction with the parents

A

Superego

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20
Q

Acts as a judge or censor for the thoughts and actions of the ego; contains the conscience

A

Superego

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21
Q

This could be said to operate according to what may be called the Morality Principle (a desire can be gratified as long as it does not violate one’s moral values)

A

Superego

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22
Q

Who proposed the three levels of awareness?

A

Freud

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23
Q

A person’s current awareness, includes everything a person is aware of at a given moment

A

Conscious mind

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24
Q

Consists of information just below the level of awareness, but which can easily be brought to awareness

A

Preconscious mind

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25
Q

This is often called subconscious

A

Preconscious mind

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26
Q

Consists of instinctual motives and repressed memories and emotions that are below the level of awareness and that are difficult to access directly but which affect thoughts, feelings, and behavior

A

Unconscious mind

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27
Q

The thoughts, feeling, and urges may slip into behavior in symbolic form, such as Freudian slips. What awareness level is this under?

A

Unconscious mind

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28
Q

Unconcious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

A

Psychological defense mechanisms

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29
Q

Who proposed psychosexual stages through which the core of personality develops

A

Freud

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30
Q

At each stage, a different erogenous zone, or area of the body that produces pleasurable feeling, becomes important and can become the source of conflicts, which if not resolved, can result in a fixation. What is this called?

A

Psychosexual Stages

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31
Q

Fill in the blank.
Freud proposed that a child comes to have
( ) involving the opposite-sex parent, which brings conflict. The conflict is resolved by identifying with the parent of the ( ) which also results in the child beginning to accept and adopt the values and behaviors of the same sex parent.

A
  • Sexual fantasies

- Same sex

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32
Q

Fill in the blank.
Failure to resolve the conflict would result in the male’s continually trying to prove he is a man, putting on a show of toughness and repressing the ( )
Failure to resolve the conflict would result in the female’s feeling inferior to men and consequently becoming either ( )

A
  • gentler side of his nature.

- flirtatious and seductive or dominating.

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33
Q

The Latency stage is from what period in our lives?

A

6- Puberty

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34
Q

The Oral stage is from what period in our lives?

A

Birth- 1 year

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35
Q

What is the conflict during the Oral stage?

A

Weaning

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36
Q

What is the fixation for the weaning?

A

Oral dependent personality and Oral aggressive personality

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37
Q

What are the results regarding Oral dependent personality and Oral aggressive personality?

A

Oral dependent personality–> Gullibility, attention-seeking, dependency, smoking, overeating
Oral aggressive personality–> Arguing, demanding, exploitation of others

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38
Q

The Anal stage is from what period in our lives?

A

Ages 1-3

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39
Q

What is the conflicy during the Anal stage?

A

Toilet training

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40
Q

What is the fixation for toilet training?

A

Anal retentive personality and Anal expulsive personality

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41
Q

What are results regarding Anal retentive personality and Anal expulsive personality?

A

Anal retentive personality–> Obstinacy, stinginess, rigidity, compulsivity
Anal expulsive personality– Cruelty, destructivity, pushy, messiness

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42
Q

The Phallic stage is from what period in our lives?

A

Ages 3-6

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43
Q

What is the conflict during the Phallic Stage?

A 
Oedipal conflict (boys)
Electra conflict (girls)
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44
Q

Freud’s particular view of the Phallic stage may reflect the chauvinism of Freud’s time and is accepted by current Freudians. T or F

A

False- it is rejected

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45
Q

Freud considered this stage not to be as much a stage as a sexually quiet period in which sexual energy is displaced by normal childhood activities, such as school, hobbies, sports, friendships. Which is it?

A

Lantency

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46
Q

The Genital stage is from what period in our lives?

A

Puberty- Adulthood

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47
Q

Freud considered this stage as involving pleasure through love relationships and the generation of new life, through marrying, raising children, caring for others. Which is it?

A

Genital

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48
Q

What were early psychoanalysts who rejected some of Freud’s concepts and retained others, while developing their own concepts as a continuation of the psychodynamic perspective called?

A

Neo-Freudians

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49
Q

Name some Neo-Freudians.

A

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson

50
Q

Who proposed that there was not only a personal unconscious but also a collective unconscious containing collective memories called archetypes

A

Carl Jung

51
Q

Among his most well-known contributions are the concepts of extraversion and introversion. Who was it?

A

Carl Jung

52
Q

Who proposed that people try to overcome feelings of inferiority by striving to be superior in an area of life

A

Alfred Adler

53
Q

Who later emphasized that people are born with a social interest to develop loving, helpful relationships with others

A

Alfred Adler

54
Q

Whose most well-known contribution is his theory that birth order affect’s an individual’s personality

A

Alfred Adler

55
Q

Who recognized the chauvinistic aspect of Freud’s work, perhaps even more than her male colleagues

A

Karen Horney

56
Q

Who proposed that childhood experiences of love and security would result in positive aspects of personality and no conflicts, but if child-rearing were inadequate, then conflicts would develop and result in a neurotic personality and maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships

A

Karen Horney

57
Q

Who believed that social interactions are more important to development than Freud’s emphasis on sexual development

A

Erik Erikson

58
Q

Whose most well-known contribution is his stage theory of development

A

Erik Erikson

59
Q

Uses the principles of conditioning to explain learning and behavior

A

Behaviorists

60
Q

Who uses personality is considered to be a set of learned responses or habits

A

Behaviorists

61
Q

Who emphasizes the influence of social and cognitive factors to explain learning and behavior

A

Social cognitive learning theorists

62
Q

Who believes personality is considered to be formed through observational learning, modeling, and other cognitive learning techniques

A

Social cognitive learning theorists

63
Q

Who proposed that three factors influence one another in determining the patterns of behavior that make up personality: the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors

A

Bandura

64
Q

Who proposed that personality is a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations

A

Rotter

65
Q

Who proposes that human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capabilities to develop and become better people.

A

Humanistic theorists

66
Q

Who proposed that there are several levels of needs that a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment, which he called self-actualization

A

Maslow

67
Q 
Who proposed that there are two important components of self-concept, the 
real self (a person’s perception of his or her characteristics, traits, and abilities) and the ideal self (one’s perception of what one should be or would like to be
A

Rogers

68
Q

What attempts to describe personality in terms of a person’s traits

A

Trait Theory

69
Q

The (blank) approach is currently the dominant method for studying personality

A

Trait

70
Q

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

A

Trait

71
Q

Gordon Allport and H.S. Odbert, through scanning a dictionary, found (blank) descriptors of traits which were pared down to (blank) after eliminating synonyms.

A
  • 18,000

- 200

72
Q

Characteristics shared by most members of a culture

A

Common traits

73
Q

Characteristics that describe a person’s unique qualities

A

Individual traits

74
Q

A characteristic so basic that all of a person’s activities relate to it

A

Cardinal traits

75
Q

This kind of trait dominates a person’s life

A

Cardinal traits

76
Q

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s desire for equality for everyone in a racist society, Mohandas Gandhi’s desire for Indian independence, and Mother Theresa’s desire to help the poor and sick. What are these examples of?

A

Cardinal Traits

77
Q

The core traits that influence and organize much of a person’s behavior, such as kindness

A

Central Traits

78
Q

More superficial personal qualities, such as food preferences

A

Secondary traits

79
Q

Who added surface and source traits?

A

Raymond Cattell

80
Q

The personality characteristics easily seen by others

A

Surface traits

81
Q

The basic traits that underlie the surface traits

A

Source Trait

82
Q

(blank) identified 16 source traits and developed The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess these traits, which are considered to be trait continuums or dimensions (for example, how kind are you: very much, not much at all, or somewhere in-between?)

A

Cattell

83
Q 
The Big Five, with their opposites on the continuum: Match them. 
Openness	– 	
Conscientious	– 	
Extraversion 	– 	
Agreeableness 	–	
Neuroticism 	–
A 
Openness 	– 	Nonopenness
Conscientious 	– 	Undirected
Extraversion 	– 	Introversion
Agreeableness 	–	Antagonism
Neuroticism 	–	Placidity
84
Q

Particular circumstances of any situation may influence the way in which a trait is expressed (Will a good kid ever act in a way not good, make a bad decision?)

A

Trait-situation interaction

85
Q

Comparing identical twins to fraternal twins to nontwin siblings, researchers have found significantly greater trait similarity between identical twins

A

Twin studies

86
Q

Comparing the trait similarities between the non-genetically related (adopted child and adoptive family) and the genetically related (adopted child and biological family), researchers have found significantly greater trait similarity between those related biologically, regardless of shared or nonshared environments

A

Adoption Studies

87
Q

Degree to which changes in some trait within a population can be considered to be due to genetic influences

A

Heritability

88
Q

The extent to which individual genetic differences affect individual differences in observed behavior; in IQ, proportion of change in IQ within a population that is caused by hereditary factors

A

Heritability

89
Q

What do Psychologists use to assess personality

A

Interviews, observation, questionnaires, and projective tests

90
Q

This type of assessment interview tends to be unstructured, allowing the interview to flow more like a conversation (a structured interview would tend to focus only on a specific set of questions to be answered)

A

Interview

91
Q

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements

A

Halo Effect

92
Q

During the interview, the client or subject is also being observed for physical expressions of personality (tone of voice, eye contact, posture, etc.)

A

Observation

93
Q

The person may also be observed in his or her (blank), such as home, school, or workplace

A

Natural Settings

94
Q

Psychological tests that make use of ambiguous or unstructured stimuli (stimuli that are capable of being interpreted in more than one way)

A

Projective personality tests

95
Q

One of the oldest and most widely used projective test

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

96
Q

The person taking the test is asked to say whatever it is the inkblot or part of the inkblot may look like

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

97
Q

Another popular projective test; consists of twenty sketches depicting various scenes and life situations

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

98
Q

The person taking the test is asked to make up a story about each situation

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

99
Q

A continuing criticism of projective tests is that they are subjective and interpretation seems almost to be an art rather than science. T or F

A

True

100
Q

Paper and pencil (or computer) tests that reveal personality characteristics through a standard list of questions that require only a true-false or yes-no answer (some inventories also allow a “don’t know” or “cannot decide” answer)

A

Personality Inventories

101
Q

This is also known as Objective Personality Questionnaires

A

Personality Inventories

102
Q

What are the two major objective test?

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and MMPI-2

103
Q

This looks at four personality dimensions (sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, introversion/extraversion, and perceiving/judging)

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

104
Q

What does MMPI-2 stand for?

A

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Version II

105
Q

This tests for abnormal behavior and thinking patterns of personality through 567 statements or through a subset of these statements

A

MMPI-2

106
Q

When clients or subjects are asked to respond if the statement is more true of them, not true of them, or “cannot say”. What objective does this fall under?

A

MMPI-2

107
Q

Behavior theories are testable, but a criticism is that they are limited, seeming to be only a partial explanation of personality. T or F

A

True

108
Q

Also, each of Bandura’s factors affects the other two, called what?

A

Reciprocal determinism

109
Q

In personal terms, (blank) suggests that an individual’s behavior and the social learning environment (which includes the people with whom you interact) continually influence one another

A

Reciprocal determinism

110
Q

From lowest to highest, physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, esteem needs (achievement), cognitive needs(understand ing), aesthetic needs (beauty), self-actualization needs (self-fulfillment), and (added years later) transcendence needs (spiritual). What is this an exmaple of?

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

111
Q

According to who self-actualization moments are peak experiences that result in growth and development

A

Maslow

112
Q

According to who if the real self and the ideal self are similar, a person will feel competent and capable, and if the two selves are mismatched, a person will likely experience anxiety and neurotic behavior

A

Rogers

113
Q

Who believed that unconditional positive regard (unconditional love, affection, and respect) is necessary for a person to be able to fully express the inner-directed tendency to grow and develop, but if the person experiences instead conditional positive regard from parents, spouse, and friends, in which love, affection, and respect are given only when meeting their expectations or demands, then the person will have difficulty expressing the tendency to grow and develop and becoming a fully functioning person (one who recognizes his or her own feelings and abilities and is able to trust his or her innermost urges and intuitions)

A

Rogers

114
Q

A continuing criticism on the humanistic view of personality is not the difficulty to scientifically test its concepts. T or F

A

False- It is

115
Q

Other research has identified (blank) universal dimensions of personality (all other traits from various classification systems seem to correlate with these (blank), frequently called The Big (blank) and also called by the acronym OCEAN).

A

The answer to all of them are 5

116
Q

Other researchers have observed that the expression of traits may change according to, called what?

A

Trait-situation interaction (also known as person x situation interactionism

117
Q

Past reinforcement of a response would result in that way of responding to become part of the personality

A

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

118
Q

One of the more important response patterns is one’s locus of control, either internal (in which a person assumes he or she has control over life events and consequences) or external (in which a person assumes that his or her life is more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate)

A

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

119
Q

One of the more important personal variables is self-efficacy, a person’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance (the belief that action will produce the desired result influences the activities and environments a person will choose)

A

Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism and Self-efficacy

120
Q

An individual’s preference for a particular reinforcer over all other possible reinforcing consequences

A

Reinforcement Value

Psychology (7 decks)

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