Chapter 13: Abstraction, Measurement, and Classification

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

grouping features by their attributes and attribute values

Question 2

Simplification

Answer 2

getting rid of unwanted detail

Question 3

Exaggeration

Answer 3

enhance or emphasize important details of the attributes

Question 4

Symbolization

Answer 4

using graphic markers to encode information for visualization

Question 5

Discrete Data

Answer 5

distinct data points

Question 6

Continuous Data

Answer 6

no location is empty

Question 7

Levels of Measurement (4)

Answer 7

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. ratio

Question 8

Nominal Data

Answer 8

• lowest level of descriptive richness
• emphasis on qualitative differences

Question 9

Ordinal Data

Answer 9

• has all capabilities of nominal
• has an ordering and ranking dimension
• ex: living conditions, poor - moderate - good

Question 10

Interval Data

Answer 10

• has all capabilities of ordinal and nominal
• must use some sort of standard unit
• NO TRUE ZERO

Question 11

Ratio Data

Answer 11

• has all capabilities of ordinal, nominal, and interval
• has a true zero
• zero indicates absence of the thing being measured

Question 12

Qualitative Data

Answer 12

data that’s grouped in classes according to differences in type or quality

Question 13

Quantitative Data

Answer 13

data that contains attributes with differences in amount or number

Question 14

Key Elements of a Classification System

Answer 14

• ranging (determining the low and high values of classes)
• cut points (the boundaries between classes)
• number of classes
• all observations must go somewhere
• any given observation can be put in only one class

Question 15

Classification Methods (6)

Answer 15

1. natural breaks (jenks)
2. equal interval
3. defined interval
4. quantile
5. standard deviation
6. manual

Question 16

Natural Breaks

Answer 16

• creates classes according to clusters and gaps inn the data
• minimizes variation within classes and maximizes variation between classes

Question 17

Equal Interval

Answer 17

• creates classes of equal value ranges or equal interval
• takes the difference between the lowest and highest values and divides the difference into evenly spaces intervals

Question 18

Defined Interval

Answer 18

cartographer defines the interval number

Question 19

Quantile

Answer 19

creates classes containing an equal number of observations each

Question 20

Standard Deviation

Answer 20

creates classes according to a specified number of standard deviations away from the mean value

Question 21

Manual

Answer 21

cartographer sets the class breaks