Chapter 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards by Allison Lee

Which of these parts of the embryonic brain is correctly matched with the structure it becomes in the adult brain?

a. mesencephalon-midbrain
b. metencephalon-medulla oblongata
c. myelencephalon-cerebrum
d. telencephalon-pons and cerebellum

a. mesencephalon - midbrain

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To separate the brainstem from the rest of the brain, a cut would have to be made between the

a. medulla obl. and pons
b. pons and midbrain
c. midbrain and diencephalon
d. thalamus and cerebrum
e. medulla obl and spinal cord

c. midbrain and diencephalon

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Important centers for heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting are located in the

medulla oblongata

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In which part of the brain does the decussation of descending tracts involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscle occur?

medulla oblongata

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The cerebral peduncles are a major descending motor pathway in the

midbrain

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The superior colliculi are involved in ____, whereas the inferior colliculi are involved in _______.

a. hearing, visual reflexes
b. visual reflex, hearing
c. balance, motor pathways
d. motor pathways, balance
e. respiration, sleep

b. visual reflexes, hearing

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The cerebellum communication with other regions of the CNS through the

cerebellar peduncles

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The major relay station for sensory input that projects to the cerebral cortex is the

a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. pons
d. cerebellum
e. midbrain

b. thalamus

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The part of the diencephalon that directly connected to the pituitary gland is the

hypothalamus

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Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

a. regulates autonomic nervous system function
b. regulates the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary
c. regulates body temp
d. regulates food intake (hunger) and water intake (thirst)
e. all of these are correct

e. all of these are correct

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The grooves on the surface of the cerebrum are called the

sulci

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Which of these areas is located in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex?

a. olfactory cortex
b. visual cortex
c. primary motor cortex
d. primary somatic sensory cortex
e. primary auditory cortex

d. primary somatic sensory cortex

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Which of the cerebral lobes is important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood?

frontal

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Fibers that connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are

association fibers

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The basal nuclei are located in the

a. inferior cerebrum
b. diencephalon
c. midbrain
d. all of these are correct

d. all

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The most superficial of the meninges is a thick, tough membrane called the

dura mater

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The ventricles of the brain are interconnected. Which of these ventricles are NOT correctly matched with the structure that connect them?

a. lateral ventricle to the third ventricle - interventricular foramina
b. left lateral ventricle to right ventricle - central canal
c. third ventricle to fourth ventricle - cerebral aqueduct
d. fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space - median and lateral apertures

b. left lateral ventricle to right ventricle - central canal

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Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ______, circulates through the ventricles, and enters the subarachnoid space. The CSF leaves the subarachnoid space through the ______.

a. choroid plexuses, arachnoid granulations
b. arachnoid granulations, choroid plexuses
c. dural venous sinuses, dura mater
d. dura mater, dural venous sinuses

a. choroid plexuses, arachnoid granulations

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Water soluable molecules of the blood plasma move across the blood brain barries by

a. diffusion
b. endocytosis
c. exocytosis
d. symport
e. filtration

d. symport

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The cranial nerve involved in chewing food is the

trigeminal (V)

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The cranial nerve responsible to focusing the eye (innervation the ciliary muscle of the eye) is the

oculomotor (III)

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The cranial nerve involved in moving the tongue is the

hypoglossal (XII)

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The cranial nerve involved in feeling a toothache is the

trigeminal (V)

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Which nerves are SENSORY ONLY?

1) olfactory (I)
2) optic (II)
3) oculomotor (III)
4) abducens (VI)
5) vestibulocochlear (VIII)

1, 2, 5

olfactory (I), optic (II), vestibulococchlear (VIII)

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Which nerves are involved in taste? 1) trigeminal (V) 2) facial (VII) 3) glossopharngeal (IX) 4) vagus (X) 5) hypoglossal (XII)

2, 3, 4 | facial (VII), glossopharngeal (IX), vagus (X)

Which nerves are a part of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? 1) oculomotor (III) 2) trigeminal (V) 3) facial (VII) 4) vestibulocochlear (VIII) 5) glossopharyngeal (IX) 6) vagus (X)

1, 3, 5, 6 | oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)

Components of brainstem

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Function of medulla oblongata

pathways for ascending and descending nerve tracts, center for several important reflexes (heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting); pyramids (conscious control of skeletal muscles) and olives (olives involved in balance, coordination, and modulation of sound

Function of pons

pathways for ascending and descending nerve tracts; relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum, site of reflex centers; helps control respiratory movements

Function of midbrain (mesencephalon), smallest area of brainstem

pathways for ascending and descending nerve tracts, serves as visual reflex center, part of auditory pathway

Which part of the brainstem has 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi?

midbrain

Superior or Inferior Colliculi of brainstem? receive sensory input from visual, auditory, and tactile sensory systems and are involved in reflect movements of the head, eyes, and body toward stimuli (flashing lights, noises)

superior colliculi

Superior or Inferior Colliculi of brainstem? involved in hearing and are an integral part of auditory pathways to CNS

inferior colliculi

Early Embryo: Prosencephalon (forebrain) develops into what 2 sections as an adult?

cerebrum and diencephalon (thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus)

Early Embryo: Mesencephalon develops into what section as an adult?

midbrain

Early Embryo: Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) develops into what 3 sections as an adult?

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

A diffuse system composed of several loosely packed nuclei scattered throughout the length of the brainstem; modulates and controls many functions mediated by the brainstem (controlling posture, coordinating rhythmic activities of swallowing, breathing, and heart rate

reticular formation

This part of the brain contains more neurons than the cerebral cortex, of which the Purkinje cells are the largest cells in the CNS.

cerebellum

The cerebellum has 3 parts, which control balance, gross motor, and fine motor coordination. Which one is NOT one of these parts? 1) flocculonodular lobe 2) reticular formation 3) vermis 4) 2 lateral hemispheres

2 reticular formation 1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part 2) vermis : narrow central part 3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

Which part of the cerebellum helps control balance and eye movements? 1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part 2) vermis : narrow central part 3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

1) flocculonodular lobe

Which parts of the cerebellum helps control posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination? 1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part 2) vermis : narrow central part 3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

vermis and ledial portion of the lateral hemispheres

Which parts of the cerebellum function with the frontal lobe in planning, practicing, and learning complex movements 1) flocculonodular lobe : small inferior part 2) vermis : narrow central part 3) 2 large lateral hemispheres

major portions of the lateral hemispheres

What part of the brain is between the brainstem and the cerebrum?

Diencephalon

What are diencephalon's 4 main components?

thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Except for the olfactory neurons, all sensory neurons that go to the cerebrum first synapse is which area of the diencephalon?

thalamus

Which area of the diencephalon is considered the SENSORY RELAY CENTER of the brain?

thalamus

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus 2) lateral geniculate nucleus 3) ventral posterior nucleus 4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus 5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus Which part of the thalamus allows auditory information to synapse?

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

2) lateral geniculate nucleus

1) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus 2) lateral geniculate nucleus 3) ventral posterior nucleus 4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus 5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus Most sensory information synapses in which part of the thalamus?

3) ventral posterior nucleus

5) ventral anterior and lateral nucleus

4) dorsal tier of ventral posterior nucleus

Which part of the brain influences mood and actions associated with strong emotions, such as fear and rage?

thalamus

The lateral posterior nuclei and the pulvinar are involved in sensory integration. They are located in which part of the brain?

thalamus

Which part of the diencephalon is a small area, inferior to the thalamus, associated with basal nuclei, containing several ascending and descending tracts, and is involved in controlling motor functions?

subthalamus

Which part of the diencephalon is a small area, superior and posterior to the thalamus, consisting of the habenula and the pineal gland?

epithalamus

Which structure in the epithalamus is influenced by the sense of smell and is involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors? habenula OR pineal gland

habenula

Which structure in the epithalamus is involved in the sleep/wake cycle, but is not all the way understood? habenula OR pineal gland

pineal gland

Which part of the diencephalon is the most inferior portion, containing mammillary bodies, infundibulum (connectig to the pituitary gland), and is a central controller of the endocrine system? It is said to be a major control center for the ANS?

hypothalamus

Sensory neurons that end in the hypothalamus provide input from which of the following? 1) internal organs 2) taste receptors of the tongue 3) limbic system (smell) 4) specific cutaneous areas (nipples, external genitalia) 5) eyes 6) prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum carrying info relativeto mood via the thalamus

ALL OF THEM

Which area of the diencephalon directly controls body temperature by stimulating sweating/shivering, and also functions in thirst, hunger, and sex drive?

hypothalamus

Folds in the cerebrum are called _____ and the grooves between them are called _______.

gyri; sulci

Cerebrum: Sulcus extending across the lateral surgace of the cerebrum from superior to inferior, midway along the brain.

central sulcus

Cerebrum: Anterior to the central sulcus is the precentral gyrus which is the ____ ____ ____.

primary motor cortex

Cerebrum: Posterior to the central sulcus is the postcentral gyrus, which is the _____ ____ ____ ____.

primary somatic sensory cortex

4 lobes of cerebrum

1. frontal 2. perietal 3. occipital 4. temporal

Which lobe of the cerebrum? involved in smell, voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, and mood

frontal

Which lobe of the cerebrum? contain major sensory areas receiving general sensory input, taste, and balance

perietal

Which lobe of the cerebrum? visual centers

occipital

Which lobe of the cerebrum? receives olfactory and auditory input and are involved in memory, abstract thought and judgement

temporal

Gray matter on the outer surfaces of the cerebrum which contains many neuron types is also called _____ ______.

cerebral cortex

White matter between the cortex and nuclei that consists of tracts that connect areas of the cerebral cortex to each other or other parts of the CNS is also called _______ _______.

cerebral medulla

There are 3 main categories of fibers in the cerebral medulla. Which is NOT a category? 1) Capstone fibers 2) Association fibers 3) Commissural fibers 4) Projection fibers

1) capstone

Which fibers of the cerebral medulla connect 1 cerebral hemisphere to the other?

commissural

Which fibers of the cerebral medulla connects to cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord?

projection

Which system plays a central role in basic survival functions, such as memory, reproduction, and nutrition?

Limbic

TRUE or FALSE: Basal nuclei are important in controlling motor functions.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Limbic system includes cerebral cortex, basal nuclei (such as amygdala), thalamus, hypothalamus, and olfactory cortex

TRUE

Most superficial and thickest meninge, consisting of dense, irregular tissue. Consists of Periosteal dura, meningeal dura, and dural folds.

Dura mater

What part of the Dura mater are touch connective tissue partitions that extend into the major brain fissures? They help hold the brain in place within the skull.

Dural folds

Which meninge is very thin with cobweb-like layers?

arachnoid mater

Which meninge layer is bound very tightly to the surface of the brain?

pia mater

What is the name of the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and contains weblike strands of arachnoid mater and blood vessels supplying the brain, and is also filled with CSF?

subarachnoid space

Each cerebral hemisphere contains a relatively large cavity called the ______ _____.

lateral ventricle

The septa pellucida does what for the lateral ventricles?

separates them

Which ventricle is smaller, in midline, and is located in the center of the diencephalon between the 2 halves of the thalamus?

third ventricle

The two lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through two ________ ________.

interventricular foramina

The third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle through the _____ ______.

cerebral aqueduct (passing through the midbrain)

Name the clear fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord and provides a protective cushion around the CNS. It provides some nutrients to the CNS tissue and is mostly produced by specialized ependymal cells within the lateral ventricles.

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

Specialized ependymal cells in the ventricles, their supportive tissue, and associated blood vessels are called the ______ which help create CSF. 1) hematoma 2) ventral arteries 3) choroid plexuses

choroid plexuses

Flow of CSF

1) CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses of each of the 4 ventricles 2) CSF from the lateral vent. flows through interventricular formina to the third vent. 3) CSF flows from the third vent. through cerebral aqueduct to the fourth vent. 4) CSF exits the fourth vent. through the lateral and median apertures and enters the subarachnoid space. Some CSF enters the central canal of the spinal cord. 5) CSF flows through the subarachnoid space to the arachnoid granulations int he superiod agittal sinus, where it enters the venous circulation

What do these structures have in common? 1) internal carotid arteries 2) vertebral arteries 3) basilar arteries 3) anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries

They supply blood to the brain

The cerebral arterial circle is also known as __ __ ___.

circle of Willis

Epithelial cells with tight junctions in the brain produce what?

blood-brain barrier

Which materials can easily diffuse into the brain? 1) lipid-soluble substances, such as nicotine and ethanol 2) water soluble substances, such as amino acids and glucose

1) lipid-soluble substances, such as nicotine and ethanol | 2) water soluble substances require specific transporters

5 functions of nerves

1) sensory 2) somatic motor 3) sensory and somatic motor 4) somatic motor and parasympathetic 5) somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic

Olfactory (I) Optic (II) Vestibulocochlear (VII)

Sensory nerves

Trochlear (IV) Adbucens (VI) Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII)

Somatic motor

Trigeminal (V)

Somatic motor and sensory

Oculomotor (III)

Somatic motor and parasympathetic

Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X)

Somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic