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Physiology > Chapter 13 - Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of communication mechanisms between cells?

A

gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines and hormones

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2
Q

What type of glands have ducts?

A

exocrine

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3
Q

What type of glands secrete onto the mucus membrane of the digestive tract?

A

exocrine

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4
Q

What type of glands have fenestrated capillary networks?

A

endocrine

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5
Q

Give examples of 2 organs that defy the rigid classifications

A

liver - hormones, bile into ducts and non hormones such as albumin. sex organs also!

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6
Q

What system has a more widespread affect? Nervous vs. endocrine

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

Name 3 chemicals that function as both hormones and neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine, dopamine and ADH

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8
Q

What structure forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain?

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

The pituitary gland is found where?

A

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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10
Q

The pituitary gland is suspended from a stalk called the ______.

A

Infundibulum

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11
Q

Name the anterior and posterior parts of the pituitary gland.

A

adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis

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12
Q

What lobe of pituitary is bigger?

A

anterior

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13
Q

Primary capillaries are located in the hypothalamus or the pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

How many hormones does hypothalamus release/synthesize?

A

8

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15
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the neurohypophysis?

A

nerve tissue

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17
Q

How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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18
Q

How many hormones regulate the anterior pituitary?

A

6

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19
Q

How many hormones regulate the posterior pituitary/stored there?

A

2

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20
Q

Name the 6 releasing and inhibiting hormones released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland

A 
TRH
GnRH
CRH
GHRH
PIH
Somatostatin
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21
Q

What are the 2 inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus?

A

somatostatin (GHIH) and PIH (dopamine)

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22
Q

What 2 hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus and then stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

OT, ADH (vasopressin)

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23
Q

What does TRH do?

A

promotes TSH and PRL

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24
Q

What does CRH do?

A

ACTH

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25
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

FSH and LH

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26
Q

What does GHRH do?

A

GH

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27
Q

What does PIH do?

A

Inhibits PRL release

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28
Q

What does somatostatin do? (from hypothalamus)

A

inhibits GH and TSH

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29
Q

Name the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland:

A

TSH, PRL, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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30
Q

Stimulation of the PVN leads to what hormone being released from the posterior pituitary?

A

OT

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31
Q

Stimulation of the SON leads to what hormone being released from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

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32
Q

What does ADH do to urine volume and water retention?

A

Decrease urine volume and increases water retention!

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33
Q

Name the 3 effects of GH?

A
  1. Increased protein synthesis
  2. Increased fat catabolism
  3. sparing glucose for brain and releasing more glucose from the liver
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34
Q

What gland is attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle?

A

pineal gland

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35
Q

What gland may influence the timing of puberty?

A

Pineal gland

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36
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

mediastinum superior to the heart

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37
Q

What is the thymus a site of?

A

T-cell maturation

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38
Q

What is the largest gland that is purely endocrine?

A

thyroid

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39
Q

What color is the thyroid?

A

darkish brown

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40
Q

Thyroid is made up of:

A

follicles

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41
Q

Follicle cells are filled with:

A

colloid

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42
Q

Follicles are lined by what type of cells?

A

follicular cells- simple cuboidal

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43
Q

What cells are in the thyroid besides the follicular cells?

A

The parafollicular cells

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44
Q

The parafollicular cells secrete what substance?

A

calcitonin

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45
Q

What effect does calcitonin have?

A

reduces blood calcium, stimulates osteoblasts

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46
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there usually?

A

4

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47
Q

What does PTH do? Name 4 effects for full points!!!!

A
  1. Promotes synthesis of calcitriol
  2. Increases absorption of calcium
  3. Decreases urinary excretion of calcium
  4. Increases bone resportion
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48
Q

What glands sit on top of kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands

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49
Q

Describe how adrenal cortex and medulla are developed

A

from different origins and functions - merged

50
Q

The inner core of the adrenals is the:

A

medulla

51
Q

The inner core of the adrenals makes up what percent of the overall adrenal?

A

10-20%

52
Q

The adrenal medulla acts as both a _______ and ______>

A

endocrine gland

ganglion of sympathetic nervous system

53
Q

The medulla consists of cells that are called:

A

chromaffin cells

54
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

sympathetic postganglionic neurons that secrete catecholamines!

55
Q

What are the 3 catecholamines?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

56
Q

Catecholamines have what effects on the body?

A

boost alertness, prepare fuel so thus boost glucose levels, epinephrine inhibits insulin and thus spares glucose, increased blood pressure, decreases digestion and urine production

57
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone
  2. Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol
  3. Zona reticularis - secretes sex steroids
58
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex is the thickest?

A

zona fasciculata - the middle layer

59
Q

Pancreas contains what type of cells?

A

islets

60
Q

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete and what effect does this hormone have?

A

glucagon, increases blood glucose and fat catabolism

61
Q

What do beta cells secrete and what effect does this substance have?

A

insulin, reduces blood glucose, leads to synthesis of glycogen, fat and protein

62
Q

What 4 organs/cells absorb glucose without insulin?

A

liver, kidney, RBC, brain

63
Q

What do Delta cells secrete and what does this hormone do?

A

somatostatin, inhibits glucagon and insulin

64
Q

Name 6 hormones that increase blood glucose:

A

glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisone, cortisol, GH

65
Q

What are the exocrine product of ovaries and testes?

A

egg and sperm

66
Q

What are the endocrine product of ovaries and testes?

A

sex hormones

67
Q

Name the 3 ovarian hormones:

A

estradiol, progesterone, inhibin

68
Q

Name 3 testicular hormones:

A

testosterone, estrogen, inhibin

69
Q

Describe an follicle in the ovary:

A

egg surrounded by GRANULOSA cells and a capsule called a theca

70
Q

The theca cells synthesize _______ which is converted to mainly ______ by granulosa cells.

A

androstendione, estradiol

71
Q

After ovulation the remains of the follicle becomes:

A

corpus luteum

72
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone and inhibin

73
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

suppresses FSH secretion from ant. pit.

74
Q

What structure(s) produce sperm in the testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

75
Q

Tubule walls of seminiferous tubules contain what kind of cells?

A

sertoli cells - single cells

76
Q

In between the seminiferous tubules are the ______ cells

A

leydig cells - clusters

77
Q

Leydig cells do what?

A

produce hormones such as testosterone

78
Q

Sertoli cells do what?

A

help sperm develop and secrete inhibin

79
Q

Again what does inhibin do?

A

limits FSH secretion!

80
Q

In the skin keratinocytes convert cholesterol-like steroid into:

A

cholecalciferol using UV from the sun

81
Q

How does liver play into the production of vitamin D?

A

Converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol

82
Q

What hormones/substances does the liver secrete?

A
  • angiotensinogen (precursor of angio” 1)

- 15% of EPO

83
Q

What are the hormones/substances that the kidneys play a role in?

A
  • calcitriol (Active form of vit. D
  • renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
  • 85% of EPO (Stimulates red blood cells!)
84
Q

How is angiotensin II created?

A

enzymes in the lungs

85
Q

What hormone(s) does the heart secrete and what does it do?

A

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide in response to high blood pressure! decreased blood volume and blood pressure by increases water and electrolyte output

86
Q

How many hormones do stomach and small intestines secrete about?

A

10

87
Q

The placenta secretes what?

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

88
Q

What are the classes of hormones?

A

steroids, monoamines and peptides

89
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

cholesterol

90
Q

Name the steroid hormones:

A

sex hormones and corticosteroids like cortisol

91
Q

What are monoamines made from?

A

amino acids

92
Q

Name the monoamine hormones:

A

catecholamines, melatonin and thyroid hormone

93
Q

What are peptides and glycoproteins made from

A

chains of amino acids

94
Q

Name peptide/glycoprotein hormones:

A

pituitary, hypothalamus, insulin and glucagon

95
Q

How many carbon rings do steroids have?

A

4

96
Q

How do steroids differ from one another?

A

functional groups attached to the 4 carbon backbone

97
Q

Most monoamines and peptides are:

A

hydrophilic - like water

98
Q

Name hydrophobic hormones:

A

steroids and TH

99
Q

How do steroids cross the membrane?

A

with transport proteins such as albumins and globulins

100
Q

Do bound hormones have a shorter or longer half-life than unbound hormones?

A

longer - transport proteins protect from breakdown

101
Q

Where can hormone receptors be found in regards to a cell?

A

membrane and in the nucleus

102
Q

How do peptide hormones interact with cells?

A

bind to surface receptor - g-protein coupled and second messengers

103
Q

How do steroid hormone interact with cells?

A

penetrate plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors in the nucleus where they influence gene expression

104
Q

Do steroids act quick or slow?

A

slow due to delay for protein synthesis

105
Q

Describe steps of g-protein coupled receptor signaling

A
  1. Hormone bind to cell
  2. G protein activated
  3. Adenylate cyclase activated
  4. cAMP produced
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
  6. Kinases phosphorylate enzymes and then downstream effects
106
Q

What enzyme breaks down cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

107
Q

Name an example of a synergistic effect:

A

FSH and testosterone on sperm production

108
Q

Name an example of permissive effect:

A

estrogen prepares uterus for progesterone

109
Q

Name antagonistic effect:

A

insulin vs. glucagon

110
Q

Most hormones are degraded by what organs?

A

kidney and liver

111
Q

Rate of hormone removal from blood is called:

A

metabolic clearance rate

112
Q

The faster the MCR the ______ the half-life.

A

shorter!

113
Q

Diabetes insipidus involves what?

A

less ADH, leading to more urination and electrolyte imbalances

114
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of the adrenal medulla

115
Q

toxic goiter

A

too much TH secretion from antibodies

116
Q

Endemic goiter is causes by what?

A

iodine deficiency

117
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

A

thyroidectomy complication, can involve tetany from too low of calcium

118
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is causes by what and what does it involve?

A

too high calcium, tumor

119
Q

Too much cortisol leads to?

A

cushings syndrome

120
Q

AGS - adrenogenital syndrome involves what?

A

enlargement of external sex organs and masculinizing effects on women

Physiology (6 decks)

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