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Physiology > Chapter 15 - Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood is pumped through the body each day?

A

7000 liters

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2
Q

How many times does the heart contract in an average lifetime?

A

2.5 billion times

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3
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

Name the 2 circuits of the blood vessels:

A
  • pulmonary circuit

- systemic circuit

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5
Q

Describe the heart:

A

hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump

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6
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart:

A

2 atria , 2 ventricles

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7
Q

What do the atria do?

A

blood storage

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8
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

pump blood

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9
Q

Does the heart change with body size?

A

varies with body size

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10
Q

What cavity does the heart lie in?

A

thoracic cavity

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11
Q

Where does the heart lie in terms of the diaphragm?

A

above

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12
Q

The base of the heart is which part of the heart? Top of bottom anatomically?

A

top

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13
Q

Where does the base lie?

A

beneath the 2nd rib

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14
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

5th intercostal space

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15
Q

What is the covering of the heart called?

A

pericardium

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16
Q

Name the layers of the pericardium:

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Visceral
  3. Parietal
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17
Q

Name the layers of the wall of the heart:

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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18
Q

What does cardiac muscle have that is special?

A

striated, branched, intercalated discs, single nucleus

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19
Q

Describe the epicardium:

A

connective tissue, serous membrane - outer cover, secretes serous fluid

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20
Q

Describe the Myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue, contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers

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21
Q

Describe the Endocardium

A

membrane of epithelial that forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves

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22
Q

Where does blood enter the heart?

A

right atrium

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23
Q

Where does the heart receive blood (to be pumped to the body) from, what structures/vessels?

A
  • inferior vena cava
  • superior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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24
Q

Where does the heart tissue get blood for nourishment (not pump)?

A
  • coronary arteries, branch of aorta
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25
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

MI, interruption of blood supply to the heart from a clot, death of cardiac cells,

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26
Q

What is a natural protection from heart attacks?

A

arterial anastomoses which provide alternate route of blood flow (collateral circulation)

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27
Q

What is chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow?

A

angina pectoris - ischemia of heart muscle, myocardium shifts to anaerobic fermentation, producing lactic acid and thus stimulating pain

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28
Q

Where does blood get sent in the pulmonary circuit?

A

oxygen-poor blood is sent to the lungs to get oxygen and unload co2

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29
Q

Can the heart be considered 1 or 2 pumps?

A

2 pumps

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30
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood?

A

lungs (pulmonary circuit)

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31
Q

Where does the left side of the heart pump blood?

A

body (systemic circuit)

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32
Q

Where is the heart located in the thorax?

A

in the mediastinum, above the diaphragm

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33
Q

Where can you feel the apical heartbeat?

A

5th and 6th ribs to the left of the midline

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34
Q

What encloses the heart?

A

pericardium

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35
Q

What is the double layer serous membrane that covers the heart?

A

parietal and visceral pericardium

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36
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium made of?

A

dense connective tissue

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37
Q

What structures does the fibrous pericardium attach to?

A

sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm, heart blood vessels

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38
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral serous layers?

A

pericardial cavity

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39
Q

What is contained in the pericardial cavity?

A

serous fluid

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40
Q

What is the function of the serous fluid?

A

reduce friction between the pericardial membranes as the heart moves within them

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41
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of the heart?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium (innermost)
42
Q

What is the epicardium also known as?

A

visceral pericardium

43
Q

Describe the epicardium:

A
  • connective tissue and epithelium, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers, deeply layers have fat,
44
Q

Describe the myocardium:

A

thick, cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers,

45
Q

Describe the endocardium:

A

epithelium and connective tissue. many elastic and collagen fibers. Covers purkinjie fibers

46
Q

What layer of the heart lines all the heart chambers and covers the structures such as the valves?

A

endocardium

47
Q

Atria receive blood _______ (to) the heart. (returning/leaving)

A

returning

48
Q

Atria have ______ that increase surface area:

A

auricles

49
Q

Name the 2 septums in the heart:

A

interatrial septum (Separates atria) and interventricular septum (separates ventricles)

50
Q

Through which structure does the atrium on each side communicate with the ventricle below it?

A

atrioventricular orifice

51
Q

The AV orifice is guarded by what?

A

AV valve

52
Q

There are also 2 sulci on the surface of the heart. Name them and what they separate:

A
  1. atrioventricular sulcus - separates atria and ventricles (encircles the heart - ring around the middle horizontally)
  2. interventricular sulci - separates ventricles
53
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood?

A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus (from the myocardium of the heart)
54
Q

Where does coronary sinus blood come from when it drains in the right atrium?

A

myocardium

55
Q

When blood pressure is greater on the atrial side what happens to the tricuspid valve?

A

it folds out of the way to let blood flow to the ventricle (passively)

56
Q

When blood pressure is greater on the ventricle side what happens to the tricuspid valve (right AV valve)

A

it closes to block backflow of blood (passively)

57
Q

What are the strong fibrous strings called in the heart?

A

chordae tendineae

58
Q

Where do the chrodae tendineae originate?

A

papillary muscles

59
Q

When do the papillary muscles contract?

A

when the ventricles contract, preventing backflow. when the atria fill up and push blood to the ventricles, the AV valves are passivley open

60
Q

Do the semilunar valves have chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

A

NO! Only the AV valves have these structures

61
Q

How many cusps do the semilunar valves have?

A

3

62
Q

What constitutes the skeleton of the heart?

A

rings of dense connective tissue

63
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs, after leaving the pulmonary trunk?

A

capillaries and air in the alveoli

64
Q

REMEMBER: WHEN VALVES CONTRACT WHEN THE _____

A

VENTRICLE WALLS CONTRACT

65
Q

What vessels supply blood to the heart?

A

left and right coronary arteries

66
Q

Small branches of coronary arteries have connections (anastomoes) between vessels that provide alternate pathways for blood called ________.

A

collateral circulation.

Provide circulation when coronary artery is blocked

67
Q

In most body parts, blood flow in arteries peaks during ___________.

A

ventricular contraction

68
Q

Blood flow in the vessels of the myocardium is poorest during _________.

A

ventricular contraction. Muscle fibers of the myocardium compress nearby vessels as they contract, interfering with blood flow.

69
Q

Contraction of the heart chambers is called:

A

systole

70
Q

relaxation of the heart chambers is called:

A

diastole

71
Q

Complete heartbeat is a cardiac ______.

A

cycle

72
Q

Valves open due to ______

A

pressure differences

73
Q

“Lubb-dubb” is due to:

A

vibrations in the heart tissues

74
Q

heart sounds indicate the condition of _____

A

heart valves

75
Q

lubb occurs during ____________.

A

ventricular systole

76
Q

dubb occurs during ________.

A

ventricle diastole

77
Q

What is it called when blood leaks back into valve:

A

murmur

78
Q

What 2 vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

arteries and arterioles

79
Q

Which are thinner arteries or arterioles?

A

arterioles

80
Q

Name the 3 layers of artery:

A
  1. tunica interna - simple squamous endothelium and connective tissue- can secrete substances to dilate or constrict blood vessels as well as prevent clotting
  2. tunica media - makes up bulk of wall, smooth muscle cells and connective tissue
  3. tunica externa - connective tissue with irregular elastic and collagen fibers
81
Q

______ stimulate the smooth muscle to contract

A

vasomotor fibers

82
Q

The walls of arterioles have 3 layers similar to arterioles but the middle and outer layers:

A

thin as approach the capillaries

83
Q

Arterioles give off branches called _______ that join capillaries.

A

metarterioles

84
Q

In some places metarterioles can connect directly with venous pathways without going through capillaries. these connections are called:

A

arteriovenous shunts

85
Q

What are capillaries made of:

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells

86
Q

Capillaries in smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle have _____ openings than capillaries in the kidneys, small intestine and endocrine glands.

A

smaller openings!

87
Q

Capillaries with the largest openings include those of the: l

A

liver, spleen and red bone marrow

88
Q

The higher a tissue’s rate of metabolism, the ______ its capillary networks:

A

denser

89
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle around capillaries:

A

precapillary sphincter

90
Q

_____ is the most important means of transfer between the blood and tissue fluid.

A

diffusion

91
Q

What type of substances can pass through capillary membranes?

A

lipid-soluble such as oxygen, co2 and others

92
Q

How can non-lipid substances get through capillary membranes?

A

channels

93
Q

What substances usually stay in the capillaries?

A

plasma proteins

94
Q

Blood pressure is greater closer/farther to the heart

A

closer due to less friction

95
Q

Plasma proteins create ______ pressure that draws water into capillaries.

A

osmotic

96
Q

The term _____ _____ ______ describes this osmotic effect due to plasma proteins.

A

colloid osmotic pressure

97
Q

What force helps filtration in capillaries?

A

blood pressure from constricting blood vessel walls

98
Q

After arterioles drain to capillaries _____ attach.

A

venules

99
Q

Veins have a larger/smaller lumen

A

larger

100
Q

Veins can also function as blood _______, which are useful in times of blood loss.

A

reservoirs

Physiology (6 decks)

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