Chapter 13 Highlihts

Question 1

Divisions of the PNS

Answer 1

• Sensory (afferent)

- Motor (efferent)

Question 2

Divisions of sensory PNS

Answer 2

• Somatic sensory

- Visceral sensory

Question 3

Somatic sensory division

Answer 3

• Detects internal and external stimuli
• General sense receptors sense the skin
• Special sense receptors detect from special sense organs

Question 4

Visceral sensory division

Answer 4

Relays internal information (PP) from organs of abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities

Question 5

Divisions of motor division

Answer 5

• Somatic motor

- Visceral motor

Question 6

Somatic motor division

Answer 6

Voluntary motor functions

Question 7

Lower motor neurons

Answer 7

• Somatic motor neurons

- Directly triggers skeletal muscle contractions

Question 8

Visceral motor division

Answer 8

• Autonomic motor nervous system (ANS)
• Maintains homeostasis
• Involuntary
• Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and secretory cells of glands

Question 9

Divisions of autonomic NS

Answer 9

• Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

Question 10

Sympathetic NS

Answer 10

• Fight of flight

- Homeostatic activities surround physical work and visceral responses of emotions

Question 11

Parasympathetic NS

Answer 11

• Rest and digest

- Maintains homeostasis at rest

Question 12

Peripheral nerves

Answer 12

• Main organs of PNS

- Axons of many neurons bound together by connective tissue

Question 13

Mixed nerve

Answer 13

Contains both sensory and motor neurons

Question 14

Sensory nerve

Answer 14

Contain only sensory neurons

Question 15

Motor nerve

Answer 15

• Contain MOSTLY motor neurons

- Some sensory neurons involved in muscle stretch and tension

Question 16

Spinal nerve

Answer 16

• Originate from spinal cord

- Innervate structures below head and neck

Question 17

Collections of axons that connect PNS with spinal cord’s gray matter

Answer 17

• Ventral root

- Dorsal root

Question 18

Ventral root

Answer 18

• Anterior root

- Motor neurons from anterior horn

Question 19

Dorsal root

Answer 19

• Posterior root

- Sensory neurons from posterior horn

Question 20

What kind of nerves are spinal nerves?

Answer 20

Mixed nerves

Question 21

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 21

• Swollen area in posterior root

- Houses cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 22

How does a spinal nerve form?

Answer 22

Posterior and anterior roots fuse just lateral to posterior root ganglion

Question 23

Structures associated with spinal nerves

Answer 23

• Epineurium
• Perineurium
• Fascicles
• Endoneurium
• Axon

Question 24

Epineurium

Answer 24

• Outermost layer of connective tissue

- Holds motor and sensory axons together

Question 25

Perineurium

Answer 25

Layer of connective tissue which surrounds fascicles

Question 26

Fascicles

Answer 26

Bundles of axons

Question 27

Endoneurium

Answer 27

Layer of connective tissue with surrounds an axon

Question 28

Cranial nerves which contain axons of ONLY sensory neurons

Answer 28

- Olfactory (I) - Optic (II) - Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Question 29

Cranial nerves which contain primarily axons of motor neurons with associated sensory axons responsible for proprioception

Answer 29

- Oculomotor (III) - Trochlear (IV) - Abducens (VI) - Accessory (XI) - Hypoglossal (XII)

Question 30

Cranial nerves which contain axons of both sensory and motor neurons

Answer 30

- Trigeminal (V) - Facial (VII) - Glossopharyngeal (IX) - Vagus (X)

Question 31

Trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 31

- Tic douloureux - Chronic tooth or molar pain - Characterized by brief attacks of intense pain

Question 32

How long does the pain from trigeminal neuralgia last?

Answer 32

A few seconds to 2 minutes, several times a day

Question 33

Is trigeminal neuralgia typically bilateral or unilateral?

Answer 33

Unilateral

Question 34

What stimuli triggers trigeminal neuralgia attacks?

Answer 34

- Chewing - Light touch - Vibratory stimuli - Light breeze

Question 35

What causes trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer 35

Unknown

Question 36

Are medications effective in treating trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 36

Typically ineffective

Question 37

How is trigeminal neuralgia treated?

Answer 37

Reducing aberrant transmission through nerve, often by severing it

Question 38

Bell's palsy

Answer 38

- Facial nerve's motor root is impaired by virus, tumor, trauma, or unknown cause - Weakness or complete paralysis of facial expression muscles on affected side - Leads to problems with blinking, closing eye, and making general facial expressions

Question 39

How fast does Bell's palsy develop?

Answer 39

Rapid onset of symptoms

Question 40

How is Bell's palsy treated?

Answer 40

- Anti-inflammatory medication - Antiviral medication - PT - Surgery

Question 41

Remembering the cranial nerves (names)

Answer 41

- Oh (I, olfactory) - Once (II, optic) - One (III, ovulomotor) - Takes (IV, trochlear) - The (V, trigeminal) - Anatomy (VI, abducens) - Final (VII, facial) - Very (VIII, vestibulocochlear) - Good (IX, glossopharyngeal) - Vacations (X, vagus) - Are (XI, accessory) - Happening (XII, hypoglossal)

Question 42

Remembering the cranial nerves (function)

Answer 42

- Some (I, Olfactory – Sensory) - Say (II, Optic – Sensory) - Money (III, Oculomotor – Motor) - Matters (IV, Trochlear – Motor) - But (V, Trigeminal – Both) - My (VI, Abducens – Motor) - Brother (VII, Facial – Both) - Says (VIII, Vestibulocochlear – Sensory) - Big (IX, Glossopharyngeal – Both) - Brains (X, Vagus – Both) - Matter (XI, Accessory – Motor) - More (XII, Hypoglossal – Motor)

Question 43

Breakdown of spinal nerves

Answer 43

- 8 pairs of cervical - 12 pairs of thoracic - 5 pairs of lumbar and sacral - 1 pair of coccygeal

Question 44

How does a nerve plexus form?

Answer 44

- Anterior rami of cervical, lumbar, and sacral spinal nerves each merge

Question 45

Types of reflexes

Answer 45

- Simple stretch reflex - Golgi tendon reflexes - Flexion (withdrawal) - Crossed-extension spinal reflexes - Cranial nerve reflex

Question 46

Babinski sign

Answer 46

- Normal response: plantar reflex | - Positive Babinski sign: present in adults with upper motor neuron disorders