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EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A

Method of observing and measuring natural phenomenon in order to explain them

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure of human body

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Study of body’s functions

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4
Q

Properties of living organisms

A
  • Cellular composition
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Excretion
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Reproduction
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5
Q

Cellular composition

A
  • Cells are the basic units of life
  • Smallest unit that can carry out functions of life
  • All organisms are composed of cells
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6
Q

Metabolism

A
  • The collective chemical reactions in an organism

- Metabolic either build up (anabolic) or break down (catabolic) substances

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7
Q

Chemical

A
  • Substances with unique molecular composition

- Used in or produced by chemical reactions

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8
Q

Growth

A
  • Building outweighs breaking down processes

- Can either increase size or number of individual cells

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9
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes

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10
Q

Responsiveness

A

Sensing and reacting to changes or stimuli in the environment

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11
Q

Movement

A

Movement can occur in:

  • Entire organism
  • Individual cells within organism
  • Materials within or between cells of organism
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12
Q

Reproduction

A
  • Individuals cells reproduce during growth and replace damaged or old cells
  • Organism yields offspring
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13
Q

Levels of structural organization and body systems

A

Chemical level –> Cellular level –> Tissue level –> Organ level –> Organ system level –> Organism level

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14
Q

Chemical Level

A

Interaction of atoms

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15
Q

Subatomic Level

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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16
Q

Atomic Level

A

Elements

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17
Q

Organelle

A

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell

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18
Q

Cell

A

Functional unit of life

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19
Q

Tissue Level

A

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

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20
Q

Organ Level

A

One or more tissues functioning together

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21
Q

Organ System Level

A

Group of organs functioning together

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22
Q

Organism Level

A

Any living thing

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23
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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24
Q

List the organ systems

A
  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Digestive system
  • Reproductive system (male and female)
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25
Integumentary system
- Protects the body from the environment - Produces vitamin D - Retains water - Regulates body temperature
26
Skeletal system
- Supports the body - Protects internal organs - Provides leverage for movement - Produces blood cells - Stores calcium salts
27
Muscular system
- Produces movement - Controls body openings - Generates heat
28
Nervous system
- Regulates body functions | - Provides for sensation, movement functions, and high mental functions, nerve impulses
29
Endocrine system
- Regulates body functions | - Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
30
Cardiovascular system
- Pumps and delivers oxygen-rich blood to the tissues - Removes waste from the tissues - Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
31
Lymphatic system
- Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system | - Provides immunity
32
Respiratory system
- Delivers oxygen to the blood - Removes carbon dioxide from the body - Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
33
Urinary system
- Removes metabolic wastes from the blood - Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance - Stimulates blood cell production
34
Digestive system
- Digests food - Absorbs nutrients into the blood - Removes foot waste - Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
35
Reproductive system (male and female)
- Secretes hormones | - Sexual function
36
Anatomical Position
- Body standing upright - Feet shoulder width apart - Upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forward
37
Popliteal
Back of knee
38
Pedal
Foot
39
Buccal
Cheek
40
Otic
Ear
41
Pollex
Thumb
42
Hallux
Big toe
43
Planes of section through an organ
- Longitudinal - Cross/transverse - Oblique
44
Longitudinal section through an organ
Cut along the length of an organ
45
Cross/transverse section through an organ
Cut at right angle to length of the organ
46
Oblique section through an organ
Cut at any but a right angle
47
Cavity
Any fluid-filled space within the body
48
Function of body cavities
Protect internal organs and allow them to move and expand as necessary to perform functions
49
Major body cavities
- Dorsal | - Ventral
50
Subdivisions of dorsal body cavity
- Cranial cavity - Vertebral (spinal cavity) - Subdivisions are continuous - Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Bathes and protects brain and spinal cord
51
Cranial Cavity
- Within the skull | - Protects the brain
52
Vertebral Cavity
- Within the vertebral column | - Protects the spinal cord
53
Subdivisions of Ventral Body Cavity
- Thoracic cavity - Abdominopelvic cavity - Separated by diaphragm
54
Thoracic Cavity
Superior to diaphragm
55
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Inferior to diaphragm
56
Divisions of Thoracic Cavity
- Pleural cavities - Mediastinum - Pericardial cavity
57
Pleural cavities
Surrounds either the left or right lung
58
Mediastinum
- Between pleural cavities - Houses heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus - Not within the serous membrane
59
Pericardial cavity
- Within mediastinum | - Within serous membrane that surrounds heart
60
Divisions of Abdominopelvic cavity
- Abdominal cavity - Pelvic cavity - Contains organs from several systems (digestive, lymphatic, reproductive, and urinary)
61
Abdominal Cavity
Diaphragm to bony pelvis
62
Peritoneal Cavity
Abdominal subcavity found within serous membrane
63
Pelvic Cavity
Within bony pelvis
64
Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic cavity
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
65
Segments of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Right hypochondriac region - Epigastric region - Left hypochondriac region - Right lumbar region - Umbilical region - Left lumbar region - Right iliac region - Hypogastric region - Left iliac region
66
Serous membrane
- Thin sheets of tissue - Form cavities in ventral cavity - Surrounds heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs
67
Visceral layer
In contact with underlying organ
68
Parietal layer
Outermost layer attached to surrounding structures
69
Serous fluid
- Fluid found within cavity between two membrane layers | - Extremely thin layer of fluid
70
Characteristics of serous fluid
- Watery, slippery lubricant - Fills space between membrane layers - Produced by cells of membrane - Prevents friction from movement of organs
71
Pleural membranes
- Consists of outer parietal pleura (follows contours of thoracic wall) and inner visceral pleura (runs along surface of lungs)
72
Pleural cavities
Thin space enclosed by pleural membranes
73
Peritoneal membranes
- Surrounds SOME abdominal organs - Consists of outer parietal peritoneum and inner visceral peritoneum - Kidneys lie outside of and behind parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneal organs)
74
Peritoneal cavity
Space between layers
75
X-ray
Ionizing radiation
76
Computed tomography scan (CT)
- Ionizing radiation | - 3D image is computer generated from data
77
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Used in blood vessel studies
78
Ultrasound
Computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body
79
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Body is placed within a magnetic field | - Computer compiles data producing 3D image
80
What is the goal of physiological processes?
Maintain homeostasis
81
Homeostasis
Maintenance of internal environment
82
Homeostatic imbalances
- Disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected - To prevent imbalance, most variables are controlled, maintained within a narrow range, close to a normal value
83
Feedback mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis
- Negative feedback loop | - Positive feedback loop
84
Negative feedback loop
- Brings stimulus back to normal range - Opposes initial change - Reduce output to get back within normal range
85
Positive feedback loop
- Adds to initial change in regulated variable - Increases output - Dangerous if not stopped
86
Examples of positive feedback
- Blood clotting: platelets attract and activate more platelets, continues until vessel is sealed by blood clot and blood loss stops - Childbirth: baby's head stretches cervix --> data sent to brain --> signals uterus to produce oxytocin --> stimulates uterine contractions --> contractions move baby's head further stretching the cervix --> process repeats until baby is born

EPCC Anatomy and Physiology 1 (24 decks)

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