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Microbiology > Chapter 13: Microbe-Human Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Microbe-Human Interactions Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Infection

A

A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

Infectious agent

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3
Q

Infectious Disease

A

an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

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4
Q

Transients

A

microbes that occupy the body for only short periods of time

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5
Q

Residents

A

microbes that become established

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6
Q

Probiotics

A

introducing known microbes back into the body

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7
Q

True pathogens

A

capable of causing disease in health persons with normal immune defenses
ex: influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan

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8
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

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9
Q

Portals of entry

A

characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body

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10
Q

Exogenous agents

A

originate from source outside the body

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11
Q

Endogenous agents

A

already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

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12
Q

STORCH

A

Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases (hepatitis B, AIDS and chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus

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13
Q

Adhesion

A

microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen

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14
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

used to avoid phagocytics

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15
Q

Slime layer or capsule

A

makes phagocytosis difficult

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16
Q

Virulence factors

A

traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs- severity of disease

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17
Q

Exoenzymes

A

dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells

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18
Q

Toxigenicity

A

capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication

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19
Q

Endotoxin

A

toxin that is NOT secreted but is released after the cell is damaged

composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

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20
Q

Exotoxin

A

toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue with a strong specificity for a target cell

Hemolysins

A-B toxins (A-active, B-binding)

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21
Q

Incubation period (1st stage)

A

time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms; agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms; several hours to several years

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22
Q

Prodromal stage (2nd stage)

A

vague feelings of discomfort; nonspecific complaints

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23
Q

Period of invasion (3rd stage)

A

multiplies at high levels, becomes well-established; more specific signs and symptoms

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24
Q

Convalescent period (4th stage)

A

as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline

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25
Localized infection
microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
26
Systemic infection
infection spreads to several site and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream
27
Focal infection
when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues
28
Mixed infection
several microbes grow simultaneously (polymicrobial)
29
Primary infection
initial infection
30
Secondary infection
another infection by a different microbe
31
Acute infection
comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects
32
Chronic infections
progress and persist over a long period of time
33
Signs of inflammation - Edema
accumulation of fluid
34
Signs of inflammation - Granulomas/abscesses
walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes
35
Signs of inflammation - Lymphadenitis
swollen lymph nodes
36
Leuikocytosis
increase in white blood cells
37
Leukopenia
decrease in white blood cells
38
Septicemia
microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers
39
Septicemia - Bacteremia
small numbers of bacteria present in blood not necessarily multiplying
40
Septicemia - Viremia
small number of viruses present not necessarily multiplying
41
Asymptomatic (subclinical) infections
although infected, the host doesn't show any signs of disease
42
Latency
after the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases, the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease; person may or may not shed it during the latent stage
43
Chronic carrier
person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent
44
Sequelae
long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs
45
Reserovoir
primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world | ex: human or animal carrier, soil, water, plants
46
Source
individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired
47
Carrier
an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others; may or may not have experienced disease due to the microbe
48
Asymptomatic carrier
shows no symptoms
49
Passive carrier
contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients
50
Asymptomatic carrier - Incubation carriers
spread the infectious agent during the incubation period
51
Asymptomatic carrier - Convalescent carriers
recuperating without symptoms
52
Asymptomatic carrier - Chronic carrier
individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period
53
Communicable disease
when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host (contagious)
54
Non-communicable disease
infectious disease that does NOT arise through transmission from host to host occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal microflora Contact with organism in natural, non-living reservoir
55
Direct contact
physical contact or fine aerosol droplets
56
Indirect contact
passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host
57
Indirect contact - Vehicle
inanimate material, food, water, biological products, fomites
58
Prevalence
total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population
59
Incidence
measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population
60
Mortality rate
the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease
61
Morbidity rate
number of people afflicted with a certain disease
62
Endemic
disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale
63
Sporadic
when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals
64
Epidemic
when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected
65
Pandemic
epidemic across continents

Microbiology (3 decks)

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