Chapter 14: An Introduction to Host Defenses

Question 1

Innate, natural defenses

Answer 1

Present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection

Question 2

Adaptive immunities

Answer 2

Specific, must be aquired

Question 3

First line of defense

Answer 3

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry, nonspecific

Question 4

Second line of defense

Answer 4

Protective cells and fluids, inflammation and phagocytosis, nonspecific

Question 5

Third line of defense

Answer 5

Acquired with exposure to foreign substance, produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells, specific
-B and T killer cells

Question 6

Lysozome

Answer 6

An enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria, in tears

Question 7

Immunology

Answer 7

The study of the body’s second and third lines of defense

Question 8

Functions of a healthy functioning immune system

Answer 8

1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign material
3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

Question 9

Immune system

Answer 9

Large, complex and diffuse network of cells and fluids that penetrate into every organ and tissue

Question 10

Three major subdivisions of immune system

Answer 10

1. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
2. Bloodstream
3. Lymphatic system

Question 11

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Answer 11

Innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material

Question 12

Nonself vs self

Answer 12

Foreign material is nonself, self is normal cells of the body

Question 13

Pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPs)

Answer 13

Molecules shared by microorganisms

Question 14

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

Answer 14

Receptors of WBCs for PAMPs

Question 15

Serum

Answer 15

Liquid portion of the blood after a clot has formed, minus clotting factors

Question 16

Plasma

Answer 16

92% water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factors, hormones, and all other chemicals and gases to support normal physiological functions

Question 17

Hemopoiesis

Answer 17

Production of blood cells

Question 18

Stem cells

Answer 18

Undifferentiated c ells, precursor of new blood cells

Question 19

Granulocytes

Answer 19

Lobed nucleus, WBC’s

Question 20

Agranulocytes

Answer 20

Unlobed, rounded nucleus WBC’s

Question 21

Nuetrophils

Answer 21

55-90%, lobed nuclei with lavender granules, phagocytes

Question 22

Eosinophils

Answer 22

1-3%, orange granules and bilobed nucleus, destroy eukaryotic pathogens

Question 23

Basophils

Answer 23

.5%, constricted nuclei, dark blue granules, release portent chemical mediators

Question 24

Mast cells

Answer 24

nonmotile elements bound to connective tissue

Question 25

Lymphocytes

Answer 25

20 - 35%, specific immune response

Question 26

Lymphocytes - B (humoral immunity)

Answer 26

activated B cells produce antibodies

Question 27

Lymphocytes - T cells (cell-mediated immunity)

Answer 27

activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells

Question 28

Monocytes, macrophages

Answer 28

3 - 7% largest of WBCs, kidney-shaped nucleus; phagocytic

Question 29

Monocytes - Macrophages

Answer 29

final differentiation of monocytes

Question 30

Monocytes - Dendritic cells

Answer 30

trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions

Question 31

Lymph

Answer 31

plasma-like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation

Question 32

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 32

sites of lymphocytic origin and maturation thymus and bone marrow

Question 33

Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

Answer 33

circulatory-based locations such as spleen and lymph nodes; collections of cells distributed throughout body tissues -skin and mucous membranes - SALT, GALT, MALT

Question 34

Thymus

Answer 34

high rate of growth and activity until puberty, then begins to shrink; site of T-cell maturation

Question 35

Lymph nodes

Answer 35

small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 36

Spleen

Answer 36

structurally similar to lymph node; filters circulating blood to remove worn out RBCs and pathogens

Question 37

Inflammatory Response - Class signs

Answer 37

Redness Warmth Swelling Pain

Question 38

Erthrocytes

Answer 38

develop from bone marrow stem cells, lose nucleus, simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin

Question 39

Platelets

Answer 39

formed elements in circulating blood that are NOT whole cells

Question 40

Diapedesis

Answer 40

migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

Question 41

Chemotaxis

Answer 41

migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection

Question 42

Neutrophils

Answer 42

general-purpose; react early to bacteria and other foreign materials, and to damaged tissue

Question 43

Eosinophilis

Answer 43

attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions

Question 44

Macrophages

Answer 44

derived from monocytes; scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes