Chapter 15 & 16: Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization

Question 1

Antigen

Answer 1

Molecule that stimulate an immune response by a T and B cells (specific lymphocytes)

Question 2

Specificity

Answer 2

Antibodies produced, function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to

Question 3

Memory

Answer 3

Lymphocytes are programmed to ‘recall’ their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters

Question 4

Major functions of receptors are?

Answer 4

1. To perceive and attach to non self or foreign molecules
2. To promote the recognition of self molecules
3. To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
4. To aid in cellular development

Question 5

Receptors are found on all cells except?

Answer 5

RBSs (Red Blood Cells)

Question 6

Class I

Answer 6

Markers that display unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions
-Required for T lymphocytes

Question 7

Class II

Answer 7

Regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
-Involved in presenting antigen to T-cells

Question 8

B-cell receptors

Answer 8

Bind free antigens

Question 9

T-cell receptors

Answer 9

Bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them

Question 10

Immunoglobulins

Answer 10

Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells

• Composed of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 identical heavy chains (H), 2 identical light chains (L)
• Y shaped arrangement

Question 11

B-cell maturation

Answer 11

Directed by BONE marrow sites that harbor stromal cells, which nurture the lymphocyte stem cells and provide hormonal signals
-Millions “home” to specific sites in lymph nodes, spleen and GALT

Question 12

T-cell maturation

Answer 12

Maturation is directed by the THYMUS gland and it’s hormones

-Different classes of T-cell receptors termed CD (Cluster of differentiation)

Question 13

Cluster of differentiation (T-cell maturation)

Answer 13

CD4: T-helper cells
CD8: T-toxic killer cells

Question 14

Epitope

Answer 14

Small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes, antigenic determinant

Question 15

Haptens

Answer 15

Small foreign molecules that consist only of a determinant group
-Not antigenic unless attached to a larger carrier

Question 16

Alloantigens

Answer 16

Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not others

Question 17

Superantigens

Answer 17

Potent T cell simulators, provoke an overwhelming response

Question 18

Allergen

Answer 18

Antigen that evokes allergic reactions

Question 19

Autoantigens

Answer 19

Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate

Question 20

Opsonization

Answer 20

Process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes

Question 21

Nuetralization

Answer 21

Abs fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a microbial enzyme to prevent it from attaching

Question 22

IgG (Immunoglobulin)

Answer 22

Monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary), most prevalent

Question 23

IgA (Immunoglobulin)

Answer 23

Monomer circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions

Question 24

IgM (Immunoglobulin)

Answer 24

Five monomers, first class synthesized following Ag encounter

Question 25

IgD (Immunoglobulin)

Answer 25

Monomer, serves as a receptor for antigen on B cells

Question 26

IgE (Immunoglobulin)

Answer 26

Involved in allergic responses and parasitic worm infections

Question 27

Agglutination

Answer 27

Ab aggregation, cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps

Question 28

Complement fixation

Answer 28

Activation of the classical complement pathway can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses

Question 29

Precipitation

Answer 29

Aggregation of particulate antigen

Question 30

All antibodies in the IgA class...?

Answer 30

Have identical Fc regions. (Immunoglobulin)

Question 31

T Helper cells (CD4 or TH)

Answer 31

Most prevalent type of T cell, regulates immune reaction to antigens, including other T and B cells - involved in activating macrophages and increasing phagocytosis - differentiate into T helper 1 (TH1) or T helper 2 (TH2) cells

Question 32

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 or Tc)

Answer 32

Destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting preforins that lyce cells

Question 33

Natural killer cells

Answer 33

Lack specificity, circulate through the spleen, blood and lungs

Question 34

Active Immunity

Answer 34

Results when a person is challenged with antigen that stimulates production of antibodies, creates memory, takes time and is lasting

Question 35

Passive Immunity

Answer 35

Preformed antibodies are donated to an individual, does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term -Immune serum globulin, contains immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood, immunotherapy

Question 36

Natural Immunity

Answer 36

Acquired as part of normal life experiences

Question 37

Artificial Immunity

Answer 37

Acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine

Question 38

Immunopathology

Answer 38

The study of disease states associated with under activity and over activity of immune responses: -Allergy, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, cancer

Question 39

Atopy

Answer 39

Any chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma

Question 40

Anaphylaxis

Answer 40

A systemic, often explosive reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse -A reaction of animals injected with a foreign protein

Question 41

Sensitizing dose

Answer 41

On first contact with allergen, specific B cells form IgE which attaches to the mast cells and basophils, generally no signs or symptoms

Question 42

Provocative dose

Answer 42

Subsequent exposure with the same allergen binds to the IgE mast cell complex - Degranulation releases mediators with physiological effects such as vasodilation and bronchoconstricion

Question 43

Histamine

Answer 43

Most profuse and fastest acting, simulator of smooth muscle, glands, and eosinophils

Question 44

Food allergy

Answer 44

Intestinal portal can affect skin and respiratory tract | -Vomiting, diarrhea, eczema, hives, rhinitis

Question 45

Drug allergy

Answer 45

Common side effect of treatment, any tissue can be affected, reaction from mild atopy to fatal anaphylaxis