Chapter 13: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, and Human Genetics

Question 1

Who
1.first suggested the central role of chromosomes
2. authored one of the scientific papers announcing rediscovery of Mendel’s work

Answer 1

Carl Correns 1900

Question 2

Who
1. had the chromosomal theory of inheritance
2. Based on observations that similar chromosomes paired with one another during meiosis

Answer 2

Walter Sutton 1902

Question 3

T.H Morgan worked with fruit fly called ______ ________

Answer 3

drosophila melanogaster

Question 4

T.H Morgan discovered a mutant male fly with _____ eyes instead of red

Answer 4

white

Question 5

When T.H Morgan crossed the mutant white eye male fly with a normal red-eyed female what was the progeny of all F1?

Answer 5

red eye= dominant trait

Question 6

When Morgan crossed the F1 females with the F1 males, the F2 generations contained what color eyed flies?

Answer 6

Both red and white

Question 7

When F1 females in F1 males crossed in Morgan’s experiment, in the F2 generation all the white-eyed flies were _____

Answer 7

male

Question 8

T.H morgan discovered with the fruit flies that the eye color gene resides on the __ chromosome

Answer 8

X

Question 9

When Morgan testcrossed F1 females with a white eyed male it showed viability of white-eyed ______

Answer 9

females

Question 10

Traits determined by sex chromosome genes are _____-______

Answer 10

sex-linked

Question 11

____ chromosomes are a pair dissimilar chromosomes that still pair during meiosis and mitosis

Answer 11

sex

Question 11

Sex determination in Drosophila is based on the number of ____ chromosomes

Answer 11

X

Question 12

T or F: Sex chromosomes varies across organisms

Answer 12

True

Question 13

In human sex determination is based on the presence of a ___ chromosome in humans

Answer 13

Y

Question 14

In birds, the male has two __ chromosomes and females are ZW

Answer 14

ZZ

Question 15

Some insects are either XX (female) or X__ in males

Answer 15

O (O indicating absence of a chromosome

Question 16

In Honeybees, females are ______ and males are _______

Answer 16

diploid, haploid

Question 17

Y chromosomes are highly ______

Answer 17

condensed

Question 18

_______ are non-sex chromsomes

Answer 18

autosomes

Question 19

_____ genes from Y chromosome are expressed

Answer 19

few

Question 20

Recessive alleles on X chromosome have no active partner on ___

Answer 20

Y

Question 21

______ _______ ensures equal expression of genes from sex chromosomes even though number of chromosomes is different between sexes

Answer 21

dosage compensation

Question 22

In mammalian female cells, 1 X chromosome is randomly inactivated and is highly condensed into a ______ body

Answer 22

Barr

Question 23

Females heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are _____ ______

Answer 23

genetic mosaics

Question 24

What are the chromosome theory exceptions?

Answer 24

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain genes

Question 25

T or F: Traits controlled by Mitochondria and Chloroplast genes do follow the chromosomal theory of inheritance

Answer 25

FALSE

Question 26

Mitochondria and chloroplast genes are passed by one offspring this is called ______ _______

Answer 26

maternal inheritance

Question 27

Early geneticists realized that could obtain information about the ______ between genes on a chromosome

Answer 27

distance

Question 29

If crossover occurs, parental alleles are recombined producing ________ ________

Answer 29

recombinant gametes

Question 30

What was Creighton's and McClinktock's experiment's hypothesis?

Answer 30

Crossing over involves a physical exchange of genetic material between two

Question 31

Creighton's and McClintock's predication was that recombination of visible differences in a chromosome should correlate with genetic recombination of _______

Answer 31

alleles

Question 32

Creighton and McClintock found that genetically recombinant progeny also have ________ _________ ________

Answer 32

physically recombinant chromosomes

Question 33

What did Creighton and McClintock conclude about there experiment?

Answer 33

That a physical exchange of genetic material accompanied genetic recombination

Question 34

___________ is the basis for genetic maps

Answer 34

Recombination

Question 35

_______ _________ out Morgan's observation that recombinant progeny reflected relevant location of genes in quantitative terms

Answer 35

Alfred Sturtevant

Question 36

T or F: The physical distance on a chromosome and the probability of recombination (corssover) occurring between the gene loci are indirectly related

Answer 36

FALSE, as one increases so does the other

Question 37

The distance between genes is proportional to the ________ of recombination events

Answer 37

frequency

Question 38

What is the equation for the recombination frequency?

Answer 38

recombinant progeny/ total progeny

Question 39

What is the unit for one map unit?

Answer 39

1 centimorgan

Question 40

What is the unit for 1? recombination?

Answer 40

1 map unit (m.u)

Question 41

If homologues undergo two crossovers between loci, then the parental combination is ______

Answer 41

restored

Question 42

_____ number of crossover events produce recombinant gametes

Answer 42

odd

Question 43

No crossover or even numbers of crossovers produce ______ gametes

Answer 43

parental

Question 44

T or F: Relationship between true distance on a chromosome and the recombination frequency is not linear

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

In the three-point testcross, the _____ gene allows tracking of recombination events on either side

Answer 45

middle

Question 46

In a three-point cross, the class of offspring with two crossovers is the _______ frequent class (most or least)

Answer 46

least

Question 47

Three-point testcross, uses _____ loci instead two to construct maps

Answer 47

three

Question 48

Some human traits are controlled by a single _____

Answer 48

gene

Question 49

Human traits can exhibit _______/_______ inheritance

Answer 49

dominant/ recessive

Question 50

_______ analysis is used to track inheritance patterns in families

Answer 50

pedigree

Question 51

Juvenile glaucoma is an example of ________ inheritance

Answer 51

dominant

Question 52

albinism is an example of ________ inheritance

Answer 52

recessive

Question 53

What disease causes degeneration of optic nerve leading to blindness

Answer 53

juvenile glaucoma

Question 54

If a pedigree shows dominant inheritance than the trait appears in ________ generation

Answer 54

every

Question 55

What condition causes the pigment melanin to not be produced

Answer 55

albinism

Question 56

With what type of inheritance are: -males and females affected equally -most affected individuals have unaffected parents

Answer 56

autosomal recessive inheritance

Question 57

What genetic disorders affect males more than females?

Answer 57

sex-linked

Question 58

_______ is a disease that affects a single protein in a cascade involved in formation of blood clots

Answer 58

Hemophilia

Question 59

T or F: A single amino acid change in a single protein can result in clinical syndrome

Answer 59

True

Question 60

What disease is - the first human disease shown to be the result of a mutation in a protein - caused by a defect in the oxygen carrier molecule, hemoglobin - leads to impaired oxygen delivery to tissues

Answer 60

sickle cell anemia

Question 61

What type of allele is particularly prevalent in people of African descent and confers resistance to blood-borne parasite that causes malaria

Answer 61

sickle cell allele

Question 62

Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, and Phenylketonuria are genetic disorders that are ________ _________

Answer 62

autosomal recessive

Question 63

Hemophilia and Muscular dystrophy are genetic disorders that are ___-____ _______

Answer 63

X-linked recessive

Question 64

Huntington disease and Hypercholesterolemia are genetic disorders that are ______ _______

Answer 64

autosomal dominant

Question 65

_______ is the failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis

Answer 65

nondisjunction

Question 66

_________ is the gain or loss of a chromosome, the result of nondisjunction

Answer 66

aneuploidy

Question 67

_______ is the loss of a chromosome

Answer 67

monosomy

Question 68

________ is the gain of a chromosome

Answer 68

trisomy

Question 69

Human embryos trisomic for _______ of the _______ autosomes can survive birth

Answer 69

five, smallest

Question 70

Trisomy at which chromosomes can survive? (give numbers)

Answer 70

13, 15, 18, 21, and 22

Question 71

Which trisomy at these chromosomes will cause severe defects and die within a few months?

Answer 71

13,15, and 18

Question 72

Trisomy at which two chromosomes can survive to adulthood?

Answer 72

21 and 22

Question 73

Down syndrome is trisomy at which chromosome?

Answer 73

21

Question 74

What two things can cause down syndrome?

Answer 74

-full third 21st chromosome -translocation of a part of chromosome 21

Question 75

T or F: genetic defects can increase as the mother ages

Answer 75

true

Question 76

T or F: Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes do not generally experience severe developmental abnormalities

Answer 76

True

Question 77

What is caused when it is XXX

Answer 77

triple X

Question 78

What is called when it is XXY

Answer 78

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 79

What is it called when it is XO

Answer 79

turner syndrome

Question 80

What is it called when it OY?

Answer 80

nonviable zygote

Question 81

What is it called when it is XYY?

Answer 81

Jacob syndrome