Community ecology Lecture

Question 1

_________ species that occur at any particular locality

Answer 1

community

Question 1

How are communities characterized?

Answer 1

1. species richness (number of species)
2. primary productivity (amount of energy produced)

Question 2

_______ places where the environment changes abruptly

Answer 2

ecotones

Question 3

________ gradient can change communities

Answer 3

altitude

Question 4

changes in _______ can cause ecotones for plants

Answer 4

substrate

Question 5

_____: an organism’s tota of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment

Answer 5

niche

Question 6

________ competition: occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough resource to satisfy both

Answer 6

interspecific

Question 7

_______ competition: physical interactions over access to resource

Answer 7

interference

Question 8

When you have interspecific competition and natural selection and both species survive, what happens to the weaker species?

Answer 8

character displacement

Question 9

_______ competition: consuming the resources

Answer 9

exploitative

Question 10

________ niche: entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

Answer 10

fundamental

Question 11

______ niche: actual set of environmental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population

Answer 11

realized

Question 12

What two things can cause niche restriction?

Answer 12

1. predator absence or presence
2. absence of pollinators

Question 13

________ ________:
If two species are competing for a limited resource

Answer 13

competitive exclusion

Question 14

What causes the difference between fundamental and realized niche?

Answer 14

competitive exclusion

Question 15

______ species: live together

Answer 15

sympatric

Question 16

resource partitioning occurs between ______ species

Answer 16

sympatric

Question 17

_______ consuming of one organism by another

Answer 17

predation

Question 18

________ animals do not usually live _____-

Answer 18

camouflaged in groups

Question 19

_____ allows one species to capitalize on the defense strategies of another

Answer 19

mimicry

Question 20

______ mimicry: mimics look like distasteful species

Answer 20

batesian

Question 21

_____ mimicry: several unrelated but poisonous species go through convergence evolution to look alike

Answer 21

millerian

Question 22

______ 2 or more kinds of organisms interact in more- or less permanent relationships

Answer 22

symbiosis

Question 23

Symbiosis has the potential for ____________

Answer 23

coevolution

Question 24

______ benefits both species

Answer 24

mutualism

Question 25

______ benefits one species at the expense of another

Answer 25

parasitism

Question 26

________ benefits one species and doesn't harm or benefit the other

Answer 26

commensalism

Question 27

______ reduces competition

Answer 27

predation

Question 28

Predators choice depends partly on ______ _____ of the prey options

Answer 28

relative abundance

Question 29

______ may counter competition

Answer 29

parasitism

Question 30

________ species are species who effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance

Answer 30

keystone species

Question 31

_______: communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex

Answer 31

succession

Question 32

______ succession occurs on the bare, lifeless substrate

Answer 32

primary

Question 33

_______ succession occurs where an existing community has been disturbed but organisms still remain

Answer 33

secondary

Question 34

What are the three dynamic concepts for the reason why succession happens:

Answer 34

1. Establishment- early successional species are characterized by r-selected species tolerant of harsh conditions 2. Facilitation: early successional species introduce local changes in the habitat k-selected species replace r-selected 3. Inhibition: changes in the habitat caused by one species inhibits the growth of the original species

Question 35

Establishment deals with _- selected species

Answer 35

r

Question 36

Facilitation deals with ___- selected species

Answer 36

k

Question 37

Communities are constantly changing as a result of 1. 2. 3.

Answer 37

1. climatic changes 2. species invasions 3. disturbance events

Question 38

_______ predators gain nutrients and energy, prey killed or injured

Answer 38

predation

Question 39

_______: herbivores gain nutrients and energy, plants are killed or injured

Answer 39

herbivory

Question 40

_______: parasites gain nutrients and energy, host are killed or injured

Answer 40

parasitism

Question 41

_______: both competing populations lose access to some resources

Answer 41

competition