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medical terminology > Chapter 13: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads

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3
Q

testic/o

A

male: testicles

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4
Q

ovari/o

A

female: ovaries

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5
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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6
Q

pineal/o

A

pineal gland

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7
Q

pituit/o , pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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9
Q

thyr/o , thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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10
Q

acr/o

A

extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point

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11
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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12
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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13
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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14
Q

glyc/o

A

glucose, sugar

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15
Q

gonad/o

A

gonad, sex glands

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16
Q

-ism

A

condition, state of

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17
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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18
Q

poly-

A

many

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19
Q

somat/o

A

body

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20
Q

homeostasis

A

processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

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21
Q

hormones

A

are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream

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22
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones, do not have ducts

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23
Q

pituitary gland or hypophysis

A

a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes; stalk-like structure below the hypothalamus in brain, secretes hormones that control the activity of the other endocrine glands

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24
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

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25
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female; In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles

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26
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

known as the somatotrophic hormone, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

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27
Q

lactogenic hormone (LTH)

A

known as prolactin, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth

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28
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates ovulation in the female; In the male, the luteinizing hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone

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29
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation; usually increases during pregnancy

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30
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

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31
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

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32
Q

oxytocin (OXT)

A

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth; after childbirth, it controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from mammary glands

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33
Q

pitocin

A

a synthetic form of oxytocin that is administered to induce or speed up labor

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34
Q

pineal gland

A

very small endocrine gland, known as pineal body; located in the central portion of the brain

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35
Q

melatonin

A

influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle

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36
Q

thyroid gland

A

butterfly-shaped, lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage

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37
Q

metabolism

A

describes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients, including the rate at which they are used

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38
Q

calcitonin

A

which is produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth

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39
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four, each of which is about the size of a grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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40
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

which works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland; together they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues

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41
Q

thymus

A

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity; posterior to (behind) the sternum and slightly superior to (above) the heart; function as part of the endocrine system by secreting a hormone as part of immune system

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42
Q

thymosin

A

plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

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43
Q

pancreas

A

a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

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44
Q

pancreatic islets

A

are those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

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45
Q

glucose

A

is the basic form of energy used by the body, glucose in the bloodstream is also known as blood sugar

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46
Q

glucagon (GCG)

A

hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream

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47
Q

insulin

A

is the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream

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48
Q

adrenal glands

A

known as suprarenals, are so named because they are located on top of each kidney

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49
Q

electrolytes

A

are mineral substances-calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium- That are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids

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50
Q

androgens

A

sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

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51
Q

corticosteroids

A

the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

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52
Q

aldosterone (ALD)

A

a corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidneys

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53
Q

cortisol

A

known as hydrocortisone, a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action, also helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body, secreted by the adrenal cortex

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54
Q

epinephrine (EPI)

A

known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear

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55
Q

norepinephrine

A

both a hormone and a neurohormone; plays an important role in the “fight-or-flight response” by raising blood pressure, strengthening the heartbeat, and stimulation muscles contractions, secreted by the adrenal medulla

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56
Q

gonads

A

are gamete-producing glands, these are ovaries in females and testicles in males

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57
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

refer to features that distinguish the two sexes but are not directly related to reproduction

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58
Q

puberty

A

the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

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59
Q

precocious puberty

A

the early onset of the changes of puberty, usually before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys

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60
Q

estrogen (E)

A

a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristic and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

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61
Q

progesterone

A

the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary, complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy

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62
Q

gamete

A

a reproductive cell, these are sperm in the male and ova(eggs) in the female

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63
Q

gonadotropin

A

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

64
Q

androgens

A

sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the glands, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells…promote the development and maintenance of the male sex characteristics

65
Q

testosterone

A

a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate development of male secondary sex characteristics

66
Q

steroids

A

are a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure

67
Q

anabolic steroids

A

are man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones

68
Q

leptin

A

is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

69
Q

ghrelin

A

a hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract , referred to as the hunger hormone..research is ongoing to flesh out the role that leptin and gherkin play in rising levels of obesity

70
Q

neurohormones

A

produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream

71
Q

endocrinologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

72
Q

certified diabetes educator (CDE)

A

a heath care professional qualified to tech people with diabetes how to manage their disease

73
Q

acromegaly

A

a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet)caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

74
Q

gigantism

A

abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

75
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

76
Q

short stature

A

formerly known as dwarfism, is sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone

77
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

known as a pituitary tumor, 2 types of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland

78
Q

functioning pituitary tumors

A

often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts

79
Q

nonfunctioning pituitary tumors

A

do not produce excessive amounts of hormones

80
Q

galactorrhea

A

a condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

81
Q

prolactinoma

A

benign tumor of the pituitary gland, can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men and can impair vision

82
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

which is not related to diabetes mellitus, is an uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

83
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

A

caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH, often a result of cancer or its treatment

84
Q

pinealoma

A

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin, can also cause insomnia by disrupting the circadian cycle

85
Q

thyroid carcinoma

A

the most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in US, affects more women than men

86
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

87
Q

hypothyroidism

A

known as an underachieve thyroid, is caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion

88
Q

cretinism

A

a congenital form of hypothroidism ; if treatment is not started soon after birth, cretinism causes arrested physical and mental development

89
Q

myxedema

A

known as adult hypothyroidism, caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion

90
Q

thyroid nodules

A

lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause goiter (graves disease?)

91
Q

thyroid storm

A

known as thyrotoxic crisis, relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthroidism

92
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

known as thyrotoxicosis, overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing an imbalance of metabolism

93
Q

graves disease

A

disorder of unknown cause in immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

94
Q

goiter

A

known as thyromegaly, abnormal benign enlargement of the thyroid gland, producing swelling in the front of the neck

95
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

96
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

is the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia

97
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone

98
Q

tetany

A

the condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors

99
Q

hypercalcemia

A

abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth

100
Q

hypocalcemia

A

abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

101
Q

thymitis

A

inflammation of the thymus gland

102
Q

insulinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

103
Q

pancreatitis

A

an inflammation of the pancreas, usually long-term alcohol abuse

104
Q

hyperglycemia

A

abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

105
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

106
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

107
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

108
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

109
Q

hypoglycemia

A

abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

110
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

most common endocrine system disease, group of metabolic disorders by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin(type1) or ability to use it properly(type2)

111
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

common combination of medical conditions, including increased blood pressure, elevated levels of insulin in the blood, excess body fat around the waist, or abnormal cholesterol levels

112
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

113
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin resistance disorder. in attempt to compensate for this lack of response, the body secretes more insulin; common in children and young adults

114
Q

prediabetes

A

condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

115
Q

oral hypoglycemics

A

lower blood glucose by causing the pancreas to release more insulin or by increasing the body’s sensitivity to insulin

116
Q

glucophage

A

(metformin hydrochloride) similar medication work within the cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood glucose into the cells

117
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)

A

known as type 1.5 diabetes, condition in type 1 develops in adults, shares characteristics of type 2; however autoimmune antibodies are present

118
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus

A

form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies, usually disappears after delivery; though women have an increased risk of developing type 2 later on in life

119
Q

diabetic coma

A

known as diabetic ketoacidosis, caused by very high blood glucose

120
Q

insulin shock

A

caused by very low blood glucose

121
Q

oral glucose

A

a sugary substance that can quickly be absorbed into the blood stream, consumed to rapidly raise the blood sugar level

122
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball causing loss of vision

123
Q

heart disease

A

occurs because excess blood glucose makes the walls of the blood vessels sticky and rigid

124
Q

ketosis

A

normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

125
Q

kidney disease

A

can lead to renal failure because damage tot he blood vessels reduces blood flow through the kidneys

126
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

damage tot he nerves affecting the hands and feet which makes it harder to feel a cut or other injury

127
Q

addison’s disease

A

occurs adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

128
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of the adrenals gland

129
Q

aldosteronism

A

abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

130
Q

conn’s syndrome

A

disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone

131
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine , which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

132
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

known as hypercortisolism, caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

133
Q

hypergonadism

A

condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

134
Q

hypergonadism

A

condition of excessive secretion of hormones y the sex glands

135
Q

hypogonadism

A

condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

136
Q

gynecomastia

A

condition of excessive mammary development in the male

137
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)

A

uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function , measured 6 to 24 hours later using a handheld instrument called gamma probe

138
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

A

diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation

139
Q

thyroid scan

A

measures thyroid function, a form nuclear medicine

140
Q

fasting blood sugar test (FBS)

A

known as fasting plasma glucose test, measures the glucose levels after patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours

141
Q

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

A

commonly performed to diagnose gestational diabetes; after fasting for at least 8 hours, patient drinks liquid containing a high concentration of sugar

142
Q

home blood glucose monitoring

A

measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day

143
Q

hemoglobin A1c testing

A

known as HbA1c, blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to 4 months

144
Q

The fructosamine test

A

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks, able to detect changes more rapidly than the HbA1c test

145
Q

human growth hormone (HGH)

A

a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

146
Q

hypophysectomy

A

removal of abnormal glandular tissue

147
Q

pinealectomy

A

surgical removal of the pineal gland

148
Q

antithyroid drug

A

medication administered to slow ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

149
Q

radioactive iodine treatment (RAI)

A

the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, nuclear medicine procedure; disables at least part of the thyroid gland

150
Q

lobectomy

A

surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland

151
Q

synthetic thyroid hormones

A

oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function

152
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, performed to control hyperthyroidism

153
Q

thymectomy

A

surgical removal of the thymus gland

154
Q

pancreatectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

155
Q

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A

minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands

156
Q

cortisone

A

synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands; administered to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant

medical terminology (12 decks)

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