Chapter 15: Diagnostic procedures Flashcards
1
Q
albumin
A
albumin, protein
2
Q
calc/i
A
calcium, lime, the heel
3
Q
-centesis
A
surgical puncture to remove fluid
4
Q
creatin/o
A
creatinine
5
Q
glycos/o
A
glucose, sugar
6
Q
-graphy
A
the process of producing a picture or record
7
Q
hemat/o
A
blood, relating to the blood
8
Q
lapar/o
A
abdomen, abdominal wall
9
Q
-otomy
A
cutting, surgical incision
10
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
11
Q
radi/o
A
radiation, x-rays
12
Q
-scope
A
instrument for visual examination
13
Q
-scopy
A
visual examination
14
Q
son/o
A
sound
15
Q
-uria
A
urination, urine
16
Q
assessment
A
means the evaluation or appraisal of the patient’s condition
17
Q
overall appearance
A
how appropriately the patient is dressed, whether any body odor, signs of possible difficulties with self-care
18
Q
emotional affect
A
refers to patients expression, tone of voice, mood, and emotions
19
Q
ambulation
A
means the way the patient walks, including gait, any unsteadiness, or possible difficulty
20
Q
vital signs
A
are four key indications that the body systems are functioning; temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure (VSS)
21
Q
temperature
A
on average, the normal body is 98.6F or 37.0C
22
Q
fever
A
most commonly caused by an infection, an injury, or medication. an oral body temp. of 100F or higher
23
Q
hyperthermia
A
an extremely high fever
24
Q
hypothermia
A
an abnormally low body temperature
25
pulse
the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery that is caused by the beating of the heart
26
respiration
known as respiratory rate (RR), the number of complete breaths per minute
27
blood pressure (BP)
the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries
28
sphygmomanometer
measures BP, when using manual style, a stethoscope is required to listen to the blood sounds
29
systolic
the first beat heard when recording blood pressure
30
diastolic
the last beat hear, when recording blood pressure
31
pain
considered to be the 5th vital sign, can be measured objectively, must be reported by patient
32
acute pain
comes on quickly, can be severe and lasts only a relatively short time
33
chronic pain
can be mild or severe, persists over a longer period of time than acute pain and is resistant to most medical treatments
34
auscultation
means listening for sounds within the body and is usually performed through a stethoscope
35
rales
known as crackles, are abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration (breathing in)
36
rhonchi
are coarse rattling sounds that are somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways
37
stridor
an abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat or in the larynx(voice box)
38
lubb sound
is heart first. caused by the tricuspid and mitral valves coming between the atria and the ventricles
39
dupp sound
which is shorter and higher pitched, is heard next. caused by the closing of the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries as blood is pumped out of the heart
40
bruit
an abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery, usually due to a partially blocked, narrowed or diseased artery
41
thrill
an abnormal rhythmic vibration felt when palpating an artery
42
heart murmur
an abnormal heart sound that is most commonly a sign of defective heart valves
43
abdominal sounds
known as bowel sounds, are normal noises made by the intestines.
44
palpation
an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts
45
percussion
a diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part but the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers
46
ophthalmoscope
an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye
47
otoscope
an instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal tympanic membrane
48
speculum
an instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity, especially the vagina, to facilitate inspection of its interior
49
stethoscope
an instrument used to listen to sounds within the body
50
recumbent
describes any position in which the patient is lying down
51
decubitus
describes the patient lying in a recumbent position
52
horizontal recumbent postion
known as supine position, the patient is lying on the back, face up. used for examination and treatment of the anterior surface of the body and for x-rays
53
dorsal recumbent postion
the patient is lying on the back, face up, with the knees bent. used for examination and treatment of the abdominal area and for vaginal or rectal examinations
54
lithotomy position
the patient is lying on the back, face up, with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups. used for vaginal and rectal examination and during childbirth
55
prone postion
patient is lying abdomen face down, arms may by placed under the head for comfort. used for the back and buttocks
56
sims' position
the patient lying on the left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed along the back. used for rectal area
57
knee-chest position
patient is lying face down with he hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the table
58
LABORATORY TESTS
ENDOSCOPY AND CENTESIS
59
stat
the results are needed immediately, and the tests have top priority in the laboratory
60
profile
means tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multi-channel laboratory testing equipment
61
phlebotomist
a medical professional who is trained to draw blood from patients for various laboratory tests and other procedures
62
phlebotomy
known as venipuncture, is the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood
63
arterial stick
the puncture of an artery, usually on the inside of the wrist, to obtain arterial blood
64
capillary puncture
the technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for blood test....known as finger, heel, or earlobe stick
65
complete blood cell count (CBC)
a series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions
66
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
known as a sed rate, a test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom a specialized test tube
67
hematocrit
describes the percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red cells
68
platelet count
measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood and is a screening test to evaluate platelet function
69
red blood cell count (RBC)
a determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood. a depressed count can indicate anemia or an acute hemorrhage
70
total hemoglobin test (Hb)
usually part of a complete blood count; elevated Hb levels indicate a higher than normal hemoglobin concentration in the plasma due to ploycythemia
71
white blood cell count (WBC)
a determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood. an elevated count can be an indication of infection or inflammation
72
white blood cell differential count
tests to see what percentage of the total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes
73
basic metabolic panel
a group of eight specific blood tests that provide important information about the current status of the patient's kidneys blood sugar, calcium levels
74
blood urea nitrogen test (BUN)
measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea, performed to obtain an indication of kidney function
75
urea
is the major end product of protein metabolism found in urine and blood
76
C-reactive protein test (CRP)
performed to identify high levels inflammation within the body, produced but the liver only during episodes of acute inflammation
77
lipid panel
measures the amounts of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), (LDL), in a blood sample
78
prothrombin time (PT)
known as pro time, a coagulation test used to diagnose conditions associated with abnormalities of clotting time and to monitor anticoagulant therapy
79
serum bilirubin
measures the ability of the liver to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin into the bile, to see if a patient has liver disease or a blocked bile duct
80
thyroid-stimulation hormone assay
measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) than can indicate abnormal thyroid activity
81
arterial blood gas analysis (ABG)
measures the pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels arterial blood
82
urinalysis
examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
83
routine urinalysis
performed to screen for urinary and systemic disorders. the plastic strip impregnated with chemicals that react with substances in the urine and change color when abnormalities are present
84
microscopic examination
of the specimen is performed when more detailed testing of the specimen is necessary, for example to identify casts
85
casts
are fibrous or protein materials, such as pus and fats, that are throw off into he urine in kidney disease
86
acidosis
is excessive acid in the body fluids
87
low specific gravity
(dilute urine) is characteristics of diabetes insipidus
88
high specific gravity
(concentrated urine) occurs in conditions such as dehydration, liver failure, or shock
89
albuminuria
the presence of the protein albumin in the urine, high test levels are a sign of impaired kidney function
90
bacteriuria
is the presence of calcium in the urine
91
creatinuria
is an increased concentration of creatinine in the urine
92
drug-screening urine test
is a rapid method of identifying the presence in the body of one or more drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana
93
glycosuria
is the presence of glucose in the urine, most commonly caused by untreated diabetes mellitus
94
hematuria
is the presence of blood in the urine caused by kidney stones, infection, kidney damage
95
ketonuria
the presence of ketones in the urine
96
ketones
formed when the body breaks down fat, and their presence in urine can indicate starvation or uncontrolled diabetes
97
proteinuria
is the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine, usually a sign of kidney disease
98
pyuria
the presence pus in the urine, when us is present, the urine is turbid in appearance
99
urine culture and sensitivity tests
known as a urine C and S, a laboratory test that is used to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection and to determine which antibiotic would be the most effective treatment
100
endoscopy
the visual examination of the interior of a body cavity, procedures are usually named for the organs involved
101
endoscopic surgery
a surgical procedure that is performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments
102
endoscope
is a small, flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end
103
laparoscopy
is the visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope the is passed through a small incision in the abdominal wall
104
centesis
a surgical puncture to remove excess fluid or to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes
105
abdominocentesis
the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
106
amniocentesis
a diagnostic test performed during pregnancy
107
arthrocentesis
a surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis to determine the cause of pain or swelling in a joint
108
cardiocentesis
known as cardio puncture, the puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy
109
pericardiocentesis
is the puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid
110
IMAGING TECHNIQUES
PHARMACOLOGY
111
contrast medium
administered by swallowing, via an enema, or intravenously to make specific body structures visible
112
radiopaque
means that the substance does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film
113
radiolucent
means that the substance, such as sir or nitrogen gas, allows x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film
114
intravenous contrast medium
is injected onto a vein to make the flow of blood through blood vessels and organs visible
115
barium(chemical symbol Ba)
a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract
116
radiology
creates an image of hard-tissue internal structures by the exposure of sensitized film to x-radiation
117
X-radiation
referred to as ionizing radiation, beneficial in producing diagnostic images and in treating cancer, though excess exposure to their radiation is dangerous, and the effects are cumulative
118
radiopaque hard tissues
such as bone and tooth enamel, appear white or light gray on the radiograph
119
radiolucent soft tissues
such as muscles, and skin, appear as shades of gray to black on the radiograph
120
radiologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with x-rays and the other forms of radiant energy
121
interventional radiology
use a radiograph imaging to guide a procedure such as a biopsy; also to confirm the placement of an instead object such as a stent or feeding tube
122
radiographic positioning
describes the placement of the patient's body and the part of the body that is closet to the x-ray film
123
radiographic projection
describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the patient's body from the entrance to the exit
124
extraoral radiography
means that the film is placed and exposed outside of the mouth
125
panoramic radiograph
known as a panorex, shows all of the structures in both dental arches in a single film
126
intraoral radiography
means the film is placed within the mouth and exposed by a camera positioned next to the exterior of the cheek
127
tomography
the use of x-rays or ultrasound to produce a cross-section of the body
128
computed tomography (CT)
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, uses a thin, fan-shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body
129
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body
130
fluoroscopy
the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen
131
cineradiography
the recording of the fluoroscopy images
132
ultrasonography
referred to as ultrasound or diagnostic ultrasound, is imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound wave pulses that are above the range fo human hearing
133
sonogram
the image created by ultrasonography
134
carotid ultrasonography
is the use of sound waves to image the carotid artery to detect an obstruction that could cause an ischemic stroke
135
echocardiography
an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart
136
doppler echocardiogram
performed in the same way as an echocardiogram; however, this procedure measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart
137
fetal ultrasound
a noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy
138
transesophageal echocardiography
an ultrasonic imaging technique used to evaluate heart structures
139
nuclear medicine
known as radiopharmaceuticals are used for either diagnostic or treatment purposes
140
radioisotopes
radioactive materials that produce a powerful form of energy called radiation
141
nuclear medicine technologist
specializes in the preparation and administration of radoopharmaceuticals
142
nuclear imaging
for diagnostic purposed; these images document the structures and function of the organ or organs being examined
143
radionuclide tracer
known as radioactive tracer, specific to the body system being examined ; the short-lived tracer can be given by mouth or inserted into a vein
144
nuclear scan
known as a scintigram, a diagnostic procedure that uses nuclear medicine technology to gather information about the structure and function of organs or body systems that cannot be seen on conventional x-rays
145
bone scan
a nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown
146
thyroid scan
radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive iodine is administered. scan makes glands able to concentrate certain radioactive isotopes to generate images of it
147
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
a type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3D computer-reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs
148
perfusion
means the flow of blood through an organ
149
SPECT
scanning is used primarily to view the flow of blood through arteries and veins in the brain
150
positron emission tomography (PET)
known as PET imaging, combines tomography with radionuclide tracers, usually inserted into a vein, to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas
151
pharmacology
the study of the nature, uses, and effects of drugs for medical purposes
152
pharmacist
a licensed specialist who formulates and dispenses prescribed medications
153
prescription
drug is a medication that can legally be dispensed only by a pharmacist with an order from a licensed professional such as a physician or dentist
154
over-the counter drug
known as OTC, a medication that can be purchased without a prescription
155
generic
drug usually named for its chemical structure and is not protected by a brand name or trademark
156
brand-name
drug is sold under the name the drug by the manufacturer
157
formulary
a list of prescription drugs covered by a specific health care plan, referred to a book listing ingredients and formulas for making medicines
158
physicians' desk reference (PDR)
the most commonly used drug information guide, updated annually
159
addiction
compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a drug, alcohol, or other substance
160
controlled substances
are addictive prescription medicines and illegal drugs whose manufacture, possession, and use are regulated by the government
161
tolerance
when the body has become accustomed to a medication after being on it for a length of time, and higher doses are required to achieve the desired effect
162
adverse drug reaction (ADR)
known as a side effect, an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken
163
compliance
the patient's consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health care professional
164
contraindication
a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised
165
drug interaction
the result of drugs reacting with each other, often in ways that are unexpected or potentially harmful
166
synergism
the interaction fo two drugs taken together that enhances the effectiveness of both
167
idiosyncratic reaction
an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual
168
palliative
a substance that eases the pain or severity of the symptoms of a disease but does not cure it
169
palliative care
treatment that focuses on alleviating pain and relieving symptoms rather than curing the disease
170
paradoxical reaction
the result of medical treatment that yields the opposite of normally expected results
171
paradoxical
means not being normal or the usual kind
172
placebo
an inactive substance, such as sugar pill or liquid, that is administered only for its suggestive effects
173
antipyretic
medication administered to prevent or reduce fever
174
anti-inflammatory
relieves inflammation and pain without affecting consciousness
175
analgesic
refers to the class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
176
non-narcotic analgesics
sold over the counter for mild to moderate pain
177
narcotic analgesics
such a morphine, demerol, and codeine, are available by prescription only to relieve severe pain
178
acetaminophen
an analgesic that reduces pain and fever but does not relieve inflammation, does NOT have NSAIDS
179
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
are non-narcotic analgesics administered to control pain by reducing inflammation and swelling
180
ibuprofen
a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine that is sold over the counter under the brand names of Advil and Motrin
181
pain-relieving creams
applied topically to relieve pain due to conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
182
transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS)
a method of pain control by wearing a device that delivers small electrical impulses, as needed, to the nerve endings through the skin
183
inhalation administration
describes vapors and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into he bloodstream through the lungs
184
oral administration
refers to medication taken by mouth to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach or small intestine
185
rectal administration
the insertion of medication in the rectum either in the form of a suppository or liquid
186
sublingual administration
the placement of medication under the tongue where it is allowed to dissolve slowly
187
topical application
a liquid or ointment the tis rubbed into he skin on the area to be treated
188
cortisone ointment
to relieve itching and to speed healing
189
antibiotic ointments
over minor wounds to prevent infection
190
transdermal
medication is administered from a patch that is applied to unbroken skin
191
parenteral
means then into he body or administered in a manner other than through the digestive tract
192
subcutaneous injection (SC)
is made into the fatty layer just below the skin
193
intradermal injection
made into the middle layers of the skin
194
intramuscular injection (IM)
made directly into a vein, an IV infusion is administered over a period of time
195
PICC line
which is the abbreviation for peripherally inserted central catheter, frequently used for a patient who will need IV therapy for more than 7 days
196
bolus
known as a bolus infusion, is a single, concentrated dose of a drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time
197
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
available to patients today, can be used to supplement or repack allopathic medicine
198
allopathic medicine
another term for conventional, or western, medical practices and systems of health care
199
alternative medicine
a general term for practices and systems of health care other than allopathic approaches used to supplement these treatments
200
integrative medicine
is a model of health care based on both allopathic and alternative medicine
201
holistic
refers to a treatment approach that takes into consideration the whole body and its environment, including the mind, body, and spirit
202
wellness
general term that means actively working toward a state of been in good physical and mental health
203
Ayurvedic medicine
the traditional hindu system of medicine, emphasizing a holistic approach to preventive treatment of illnesses
204
traditional Chinese medicine
a system of ancient Chinese medicinal treatments including acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation
205
kinesiology
the study of body movements and physical activity
206
naturopathy
known as naturopathic medicine, a combination of nutrition, medicinal supplements and herbs
207
homeopathy
involves the use do substances created from plant or mineral products diluted a thousand-fold in water or alcohol
